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MD1020 > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

major components of the os coxa

A

Illium, Ischium, Pubis

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2
Q

Functions of the pelvis

A

Protect and support pelvic viscera, Provide skeletal attachement for erectile tissues and their associated skeletal muscles, Point of attachement for muscle of the trunk (assit in maintaining erect posture), and muscle of locomotion, transmitt upper body weight to lower limbs, Support abdominal organs,

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3
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint that prevent inferior/superior glide and compression/seperation of the pelvis, absorbs shock whilst walking and running, also allows for slight movement during pregnancy

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4
Q

Pelvic inlet tilt

A

the pelvic inlet is tilted 50 -60 degrees to the anterior superior illiac spine

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5
Q

Male vs female pelvis

A

In females the illium I s wider to support a baby whereas in males it is narrower to allows for running and maneuvering, also the sub pubic angle is greater in females (80 - 85 degrees) than in males (50 - 60 degrees), Also the pelvic inlet is shaped as a oval in females whereas is heart shaped in males

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6
Q

greater Sciatic foramen

A

Created by the Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament, sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal, posterior femoral cutaneous and qaudratus femoris nerves and vessels

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7
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen

A

Created by the Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament, Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels, and nerve to obturator internus

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8
Q

Obturator Canal

A

Passageway formed in the obturator foramen by part of the obturator membrane, Obturator nerve and vessels pass through here

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9
Q

Levator Ani Muscle

A

puborectalis, Pubococcygeous, Iliococcygeous

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10
Q

Puborectalis

A

Originate on the poterior surface of the body of pubis and travel posterior to the rectum and loop back around, role is to hold the fecal anal matter inside the body by maintaining a 90 degree kink in the anal canal

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11
Q

Pubococcygeus

A

stretches from the pubic bone to the Coccyx, forms the pelvic floor and supports the pelvic organs, medial fibres from the pubovaginalis in females and puboprosthaticus in males

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12
Q

Iliococcgyeus

A

Start anteriorly at the ischial spines and posterior aspect of the tendinous arch. They attach posteriorly to the coccyx and the anococcygeal ligament.

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13
Q

Coccygeus Muscle

A

Attaches the ischial spines and sacrospinous ligament to inferior sacrum and superior coccyx, brings the coccyx back into place after being pushed out in defaecation

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14
Q

Perineal membrane + deep perineal pouch

A

Contains deep transverse perineal muscles, external urethral sphincter, in females there is the additional compressor urethrae, and sphincter urethrovaginalis

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15
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

Superficial muscle of the perineum, in malkes it covers the bulb of the penis, in femlaes it covers the bulb of the vestibule

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16
Q

Ischiocavernosus

A

Compression of corpus cavernosum originates on the medial surface of the sichial tuberosity inserts on the corpus cavernosium (Females: the crus of the clitoris, Male: crus of penis)

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17
Q

What are the layers ans covering of the testes

A

Skin, Subcutaneous tissue (dartos fascia) and dartos muscle, external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, Cremasteric fascia, Internal spermatic fascia, tunica vaginalis (Parietal layer, Visceral layer which covers the testis and epididymis and forms a cavity)

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18
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

white thin fibrous sheath of inelastic tissue that embodies the testes

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19
Q

What happens to the testes in cold weather?

A

dartos muscle of the subcutaneous tissue will contract the skin casuing it to wrinkle the skin and reduce heat loss. cremaster muscle will contract to draw the testes up closer towards the body. This muscle has striated and smooth muscle

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20
Q

Contents of the spermatic cord

A

3 Arteries  testicular, Defrential, cremasteric, 3 nerves  genetial branch of genitofemoral, cremasteric nerve, sympathetic nerve fibres, 3 other things  ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

Indirect vs Direct Hernia

A

Indirect inguinal herniasoccur when abdominal contents protrude through the inguinalcanal, Direct inguinal hernias is most commonly caused by a weakness in the abdominal muscles (caused by age or injury), Congenital hrenias are due to unclosed processus vagiinalis which normally disappears in 1 - 2 years

22
Q

4 parts of the urethra

A

preproprosthatic, prostatic, memranous, Spongy part of urethra

23
Q

Male spermatogenesis

A

Unlimited –> puberty to death (400 million sperm per day), spermatognia replenished via mitosis, Continuous –> continuous meiosis, asynchronious continuous production, Symmetrical division –> 4 functional gametes

24
Q

Female oogenesis

A

Limited –> puberty until menopause (<500 ovulated), oogenia not replenished, Discontinuous –> interrupted meiosis ( complete when fertilised), monthly reproduction (female reproductive cycle), Asymmetric division –> 1 functional gamete

25
Q

Male vs Female Gametogenesis

A

Male -> unlimited, continuous, symmetrical division female –> limited, discontinuous, asymmetrical division

26
Q

Problems with meiotic arrest

A

prolonged arrest can last up to 50 years, Cohesive proteins (cohesins) that keep siste chromoatids together weaken with age causing incorect microtubules and chromosome segregation error (non-disjunction) predominantly during metaphase I, increased chance of aneuploidy (e.g. trisomy 21) ith increasing maternal age

27
Q

Stages of follicle development

A

Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, late secondary follicle, vesicular/tertiary follicle, preovulatory follicle, corpus lueteum, corpus albicans

28
Q

Explain the 8 stages of follicuogenesis

A

Primordial follicle –> one layer of sqaumous like follicle cells surrounding the ocyte, Primary follicle –> one layer of cuboidal or columnar follicle clels surround the oocyte, Secondary follicle –> two or more granulosa cells suround the oocyte Late secondary Follicle –> small fluid filled spaces appear between granulosa cells, theca and zona visible Vesicular/tertiary follicle –> an antrum and corona radiata form Preovulatory follicle –> similar to tertiary but much larger Corpus luteum –> post ovulatory luteinised follicle Corpus Albicans –> strong indicator of menopause

29
Q

what is the Zona pellucida

A

thick transparent membrane surrounding the oocyte before implantation

30
Q

what is the corona radiata

A

Layer of cumulus cells on outside of the oocyte which protects the oocyte and helps stop polyspermy NOTE: the sperm must separate the corona radiata from the zona pellucida using the enzyme hyaluronidase

31
Q

main phases of Ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase (days 1 - 14 where follicles mature), Ovulation, Luteal phase (days 15 - 28 where post-ovulatory formation and regression of the corpus luteum occurs)

32
Q

Expalin the Follicular phase

A
  • Before puberty primordial follicles spontaneously activate, after puberty * growth of a small cohort of secondary follicles is accelerated duting follicluar phase by FSH and LH * Follicle growth = increased estrogen & inhibin = decreased FSH *Follicle selection and atresia result sin maturation of only 1 dominant follicle
33
Q

Explain Ovulation

A
  • Ovulation occurs at 14 days in normal mentrual cycle * Sustained elevated estrogen from dominant follicle triggers LH surge * resumption of Metaphase II, final follicle growth, weakening of follicle wall +ovulation * Follicle rapidly swells, ruptures & releases the oocyte surrounded by corona radiata * Shortly after ovulation, estrogen levels decline
34
Q

Expalin the luteal phase

A
  • After ovulation, LH stimulates grenulosa and thecal cells to diferentiate to lutein cells * Luteinisation forms a new endocrine structure –> corpus luteum * CL secretes large amounts of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin –> shuts down folliculogenesis, in non pregnant cycle CL degerates 10 days after ovulation, CL regression = decreas in inhibin, estrogen, + progesterone = foliculogenesis
35
Q

List the 6 hormones involved in ovarian an duterine cycles

A

GnRH, LH (stimulate secretion of androgens), FSH (stimulates conversion of androgens to estrogen), Estrogen (negatively/positively regulates GnRH, LH, FSH release and stimulates endometrium as well as primary & secondary sex characteristics) Inhibin (inhibits FSH), Progesterone (negative feedback on GnRH, LH +FSH release and stimulates endometrium as well as primary and secondary sex characteristics)

36
Q

Layer of uterus

A

Perimetrium –> peritoneum in origin, Myometrium –> bulky contractile smooth muscle (fetal expulsion at birth), Endometrium –> stratum functionalis - shed duirng menstruation, stratum basalis –> rebuilds functional layer

37
Q

Uterine Cyle Length

A

Average length of a lunar month (29.5days), can vary greatly form 25 - 35 days, @ 15 - 19 years cycle is 35 days long, @ 30 years cycle is 30 days, @ 35 years cycle is 28 days, with a cycle length of 28 days, a woman would ovulate 13 ova per year = 481 ova over 37 years from puberty until menopause

38
Q

Main phases of uterine cycle

A

Menstrual phase (days 1 - 5 –> shedding of stratum functionalis), Proliferative cycle (days 6 - 14 rebuilding of stratum functionalis), secretory cycle (days 15 - 28 enrishment of blood supply & nutrient secretion by endometrial glands)

39
Q

Shedding of Uterine wall

A

Uterine arteries extend branches into uterine wall, arcuate arteries in myometrium send radial branches into endometrium that form: straigth arteries in basal layer, spiral arteries in functional layer, spiral arteries contrict, spasm then relax (cells starve), degenerating functional layer fragments & sloughs off

40
Q

Preantral vs Antral phases

A

Preantral Stages: Primordial, Primary, Secondary, Late Secondary Follicular stages Antral Stages: Vesicular – tertiary, mature vesicular – Graafian – preovulatory

41
Q

Primordial Follicle maturation into mature oculatory follicle

A

more than a 100 days, Primordial –> primary folicle = weeks, Primary –> FSH responsive secondary follicle = 85 days, Antral = 12 days, Preovulatory follicle = 1.5 days Overall, secondary oocyte to ovulaiton = 14 days

42
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation outisde of uterus, most common in oviduct

43
Q

Adominal pregnancy

A

Peritoneal implantation, due to discontinuity betweenw ovary & oviduct

44
Q

Spiral arteries

A
  • Support the functional layer * Hormone sensitive (constrict when estrogen and progesterone are low) * Layer starved of nutrients, hormones and oxygen = death
45
Q

Straight Arteries

A
  • support basal layer * Hormone insensitive * Maintains reserves pool of tissue
46
Q

Surge vs tonic centre of hypothalamus

A
  • Tonic centre –> responsible for background GnRH and responds negatively only * Surge centre –> responsible for surge in GnRH (LH, and FSH) due to 400% increase in estrogen level for 48 hours * Only responds with positive feedback
47
Q

What does the LH surge do

A

Breaks down communication between Cumulus cells and oocyte, Meiosis begins, extrusion of the polar bodies

48
Q

Why is FSH lower than LH

A

Due to some Inhibin release as the follicles get larger in size

49
Q

Why is the Corpus luteum said to be self limiting

A

Produces estrogen. Prgesterone, inhibin which are all negative feedback on hypothalamus preventing newfollicles from developing –> thus it limits ints own lifespan by shutting down off its own supply of LH -> after 10 days it begins to die

50
Q

How is the endometrium maintained after implantation

A

the embryo will produce which a hormone analagous to LH, this binds to the LH receptor and results in the production of pregesterone

MD1020 (4 decks)

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