MSS Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
major regions of the cerebrum
A
Frontal (voluntary motor control, speech) lobe, temporal (hearing, smell) lobe, occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Insula lobe
2
Q
Major regions of Brain
A
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem, Cerebellum
3
Q
Functions of Cerebellum
A
Coordinates and fine tunes the skeletal muscle movements to ensure smooth, and coordinated movements, stores the memories of learned movements, Helps maintain posture and equilibrium, Receives proprioceptive information from muscles and joints
4
Q
Pre central and Post central Gyrus
A
precentral –> contains the primary motor cortex, Postcentral –> contains the primary somatosensory cortex
5
Q
What are the corpus callosum, lognitudinal fissure and Deep sulcus?
A
Longitudinal Fissure –> Divides the left and right hemispheres along the Midsagittal plane Corpus Callosum –>neuronal tract that connects and allows communication between the two hemisphere of the brain
6
Q
Central sulcus
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Divides the frontal and Parietal lobe and also the primary motor and somatosensory cortex
7
Q
Conus medullaris
A
end of spinal cord L1
8
Q
Cauda Equina
A
Axons leading of the conus medullaris
9
Q
Filum terminale
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Pia mater (thin strand of connective tissue) that anchors conus medullaris to coccyx
10
Q
Functions of spinal cord
A
1) pathway for motor and sensory neurons 2) responsible for certain reflexes
11
Q
What are the three horns on the spinal cord and describe them?
A
Dorsal –> sensory axons from viscera and somatic ystem join here & interneuron cell bodies, Ventral –> somatic motor cell bodies, Lateral –> from T1 - L2 containing autonomic motor cell bodies
12
Q
Role of satellite cells
A
protects the sensory neuronal bodies like the blood brain barrier and is located in the Dorsal root ganglion
13
Q
Structure of Spinal Cord
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31 total pairs, 8 Cervical nerve, 12 Thoracic nerves, 5 Lumbar nerves, 5 Sacral nerves, 1 Coccygeal nerve, Spinal nerves pass through the intevertebral foramen
14
Q
Connective tissue in nerve/tract
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Endoneurium –> around the axons, Perineum –> around the fascicle, Epineurium –> around the entire nerve/tract
15
Q
Nerve plexuses
A
interweaving web of anterior rami, the main plexuses are Brachial, Cervical, Sacral, Lubar Plexuses
16
Q
Cranial nerve V, VII, X, XI, XII
A
V: trigeminal (face sensory, ms of mastication0, VII: facial (taste, facial expression muscles), X: Vagus (Heart, Lungs), XI: Accessory (trapezius and SCM), XII: Hypoglossal (tongue muscles)
17
Q
Neuralation definition
A
is the beginning of the nervous system mainly the neural tube which give rise to the brain and spinal cord
18
Q
main componenets of the Embryo
A
Amniotic cavity, ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm, Yolk Sac
19
Q
Ectoderm description
A
Located on the external surface of the embryo, Origin of: epidermis of skin including nails, part of nervous system
20
Q
Mesdoderm description
A
Origin of: notochord (forms the axial skeleton), paraxial mesoderm (develops into somites which forms the axial skeleton, muscle, dermis of skin, and most connective tissues), head mesenchyme (forms conective tissue and musculature of the face)
21
Q
Endoderm description
A
Origin of digestive system and GIT
22
Q
Somite description
A
blocks of tissue forming along the notochord in about early week 4
23
Q
Myotome
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the section of somite that gives rise to the skeletal muscle –> Multiple spinal roots innervate the one muscle
24
Q
Dermatome
A
the section of somite that gives rise to the skin –> one spinal root innervates a certain section of the skin
25
Sclerotome
the section of somite that gives rise to bone, cartilage and connective tissue
26
Main Spinal nerve innervation of touch
C3 - Trapezius muscle, C4 - Deltoid, C5 regimental badge region, C6 - thumb, C7 - tip on index finger, C8 - tip of little finger, T1 - anterior/medial elbow
27
Common patterns of muscle fascicle arrangement
Convergent (pactoralis major), cicular(orbisularis oris), Multipennate (Deltoid), Parallel (Sartorius), Unipennate (Extensor digotoum longus), Fusiform (Biceps barachii), Bipennate (Rectus femoris)
28
Functions of skeletal system
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral storage and release
- Blood cell production
- Hormone production
- Triglyceride Storage
29
Structure of Cancellous bone
- Trabeculae contain irregular arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi (get nutrients from outside in the bone marrow)
- No osteons are present
- Open lattice of narrow plates (trabeculae in direction of compression)
- Internal surfaces of bones
30
Structure of Compact bone
- Solid and relatively dense
| - External surface of bones
31
Bone composition
```
- Organic Components
o 35% flexibility and tensile strength
o Cells
o Collagen fibres
o Ground substance
- Inorganic Components
o 65% compression strength
o Bone salt crystals: hydroxy apatite
Calcium phosphate and hydroxide
```
32
Bone cells
Osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
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Osteoprogenitors
Mesenchymal stem cells, found in endosteum and periosteum, mitotically produce more stem cells or osteoblasts
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Osteoblasts
active cells that produce bone matrix with large amount of golgi apparatus
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Osteocytes
Residue in lacunae, maintain matrix and communicate with osteoblasts to cause further deposit of bone matrix
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Osteoclasts
o Large, multinucleate cells that dissolve bone, releasing Ca2+
o Used for resorption of bone to retrieve Calcium for deposit into blood
o Enzymes and lysosome to digest organic compounds and acids to digest inorganic components
37
Components of an Osteon
Haversian canal, Lamallae, Canaliculi, lacunae
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Haversian canal and Lucunae description
- Carries blood vessels and nerves
| - Lacunae is a space where the Osteocytes sit
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Lamallae and Canaliculi Descripition
- Layer of bone matric including collagen fibres
- With each layer the collagen fibres change direction by 90 degrees provides resistance
- Hole where Cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes pass through, made for communication between different cells and haversian canals
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Canal types and description
- Central (harversian) carries blood vessels and nerves
- Perforating (Volkmann’s) perpendicular connections to central canal with blood vessels and nerves
- Canaliculi between lacunae allowing metabolic interactions between osteocytes
41
Lamallae Types and description
- Concentric rings of bone around central canal
- Circumferential along endosteum and periosteum
- Interstitial “leftover” pieces of old osteons
42
Long bone structure
- Epiphysis (one at proximal and distal end)
- Diaphysis shaft of long bone
- Metaphysis narrow portion between the epiphysis and diaphysis
- Medullary cavity
o Space inside bone used for storage of red & yellow bone marrow
43
Periosteum
- Vascular connective tissue on the outside of bone except on the joints
- Outer fibrous layer
- Inner fibrous layer
o Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Endosteum
- Vascular connective tissue
| - Lines the medullary cavity and is much thinner than the Periosteum
45
Ossification Overview
```
- The formation and development of bone
o Also known as osteogenesis
o Begins by the 8th week of embryonic development and continues into adulthood
- Two general patterns
o Intramembranous
o Endochondral
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46
Endochondral ossificaiton vs intermembranous ossification overview
Intramembranous Ossification
- Develops from mesenchyme
- Produces flat bones of skull, some facial bones, the mandible and central part of the clavicle
Endochondral ossification
- Hyaline cartilage model
- Produces the majority of bones in the body
47
Stages of Bone repair
Hamatoma formation, Fibrocartaliginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodelling
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Divisions of Skeleton
- Axial skeleton
o Skull, vertebra, ribs, sacrum
- Appendicular Skeleton
o Everything else including the pectoral and pelvic girdles
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Bone surface Markings
```
- Function
o Muscle ligament attachment
o Joint surfaces
o Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
- Structures
o Range from projections (e.g. tuberosities) to depressions (e.g. fossae) and openings (e.g. foramina)
```
50
Structural joint Classifications
- Fibrous bones held together by collagen fibres
- Cartilaginous bones held together by cartilage
- Synovial bones separated by fluid
51
Functional Joint Classes
- Synarthroses immobile joints
- Amphiarthroses slightly mobile joints
- Diarthroses freely mobile joints
52
Fibrous joints description + three types
```
- Collagen filled no joint cavity
o Sutures
A thin layer of dense irregular CT
E.g. between skull bones
Synarthrotic
o Syndesmoses
A band of dense irregular CT with more space between the bones than in suture
E.g. distal tibiofibular joint
Amphiarthrotic
o Interosseous membrane
A sheets of dense irregular CT
E.g. between parallel bones (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula)
Amphiarthrotic
```
53
Cartaliginous Joints description + 2 types
- bone attached by cartilage, no joint cavity
o Synchondroses
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage (usually immobile; synarthrotic)
o Symphyses
Bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (slightly mobile: amphiarthrotic)
54
Synovial Joint types
```
o Articular Capsule
Outer fibrous membrane
Inner fibrous membrane
o Synovial cavity
o Synovial fluid
o Articular Cartilage
o Ligaments
o Nerves and blood vessels
- Freely mobile diarthroses
```
55
Articular capsule description
- Outer fibrous layer
o Made of sense irregular connective tissue that strengthens the joint
- Inner synovial membrane
o Secretes synovial fluid
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilages
Absorbs shock during compression of joint
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Articular Cartilage Description
Articular Cartilages
- Articular surfaces in synovial joints are covered by hyaline cartilages
o Prevents bone to bone contact during compression
- Tough, flexible, and resilient
- Avascular and innervate
o Nutrients from synovial fluid and subchondral bone
o Cannot readily repair itself
o Superficial layer is acellular (collagen fibres predominate)
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Cartilage Connective tissue contents
- Cells chondrocytes & chondroblasts
- Fibres fine collagen fibres
- Ground substance lots of Gags (e.g. chondroitin sulfate & hyaluronic acid) & water
58
Synovial fluid functions + description
- Derive from filtration from blood in synovial membrane
- Found within all free spaces within joint as well within the articular cartilage
- Weight bearing film
- Reduces friction (lubricant)
- Supplies oxygen and nutrients and removes waste from underlying cartilage
59
Synovial Accessories Description
- Synovial fluid -filled structures to reduce friction
o Bursae: sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, an/or bones rub
o Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist and ankle) where tendons rub each other
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LIgaments
- Join bone to Bone
| - Dense regular fibrous connective tissue
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Synovial Joint types
1) Plane joints uniaxial; side to side movement
2) Hinge joints uniaxial like hinge of a door
3) Pivot joints uniaxial; one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
4) Condylar joints biaxial; oval, concave surface of one bone
5) Saddle joints biaxial; joint surfaces resemble saddle shape
6) Ball and socket joints multiaxial; spherical head into cuplike socket
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Stability vs Mobility
```
- Conflicting demands
o Upperbody movement and strength
o Lower body stability and movement
- Joint design reflects function
o Muscle and ligament support
Length and location of ligaments dictate stability and mobility
o Bony congruity
Shape of bone ends, and bony congruity dictate stability and mobility
```
63
Computed Tomography (CT) scan description
- Multiple images are made slices in three planes
o Axial, coronal, sagittal
- More dense = more absorption = more white = hyperdense
- Less dense = lesss absorption = less white = hypodense
- If all tisues ar the same density = isodense
- Good for cross sectional examination of bones and soft tissue/organs
64
Magnetic Resonance Imaging description
- Use strong magnetic waves and rediofrequencies instead of a rotating x-ray
- Spins Hydrogen ions (protons) in tissues and then relaxes
o Make an image through computing power
- Moe protons, more intense signals more white
o White Hyperintense
o Black Hypointense
- Two main windows
o T1 water black
o T2 water white
o T TWO WATER IS WHITE
- Great for looking at soft tissues
65
Endochondral ossfication Detailed stages
1) Hyaline cartilage template formed by chondroblasts and surrounded by perichondrium
2) Cartilage template continues to grow
a. Bone collar forms around diaphysis osteoblasts
b. Chondrocytes in centre die leaving cavity
3) Primary ossification centre appears
a. Blood vessels penetrate through cartilage and into centre cavity
b. Also brings osteogenic cells, osteoclasts, nerve and red bone marrow
c. Bone begins to replace the cartilage
d. Spongy bone formation along shaft
4) Formation of medullary cavity (birth)
a. Elongation of diaphysis through osteoclast action of trabeculae
b. Diaphyseal wall become compact bone
5) Secondary ossification centres appear
6) Formation of epiphyseal growth plate (postnatal)
a. Hyaline cartilage forms at the growth plate – allowing for growth in length to continue until late adolescence
66
Osteoblasts deposition
- Active osteoblasts have a large Golgi apparatus sue to the large amount of protein secretion they are involved in
- They produce and secrete the organic component of bone (osteoid) which goes through the process of mineralisation to become mature bone
- Once osteoblasts cease bone formation, they become osteocytes
67
When bone remodelling goes wrong
- Outpacing of bone deposition by resorption
- Cancellous bone affected first
o Vertebral body and femur neck fractures
o Trabeculae become porous and lighter and some become ‘free ending’ and cannot transmit or withstand the same amount of force as normal bone
- Postmenopausal women no longer have as much estrogen to mediate bone remodelling
- Can happen at other times – lack of calcium in diet, malabsorption of nutrients, estrogen changes with amenorrhea
68
Fracture repair detailed Description of 4 stages
```
Fracture Repair
- Stage 1 Haematoma formation
o Broken blood vessels haemorrhage
o Clotted blood accumulates
o Bone cells start to die
- Stage 2 Fibrocartilaginous Callus formation
o Soft callus splint ends
o New capillaries
o Phagocytes clean up dead tissue
o Fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts begin reconstruction
- Stage 3 Bony callus formation
o Hard callus
o Bone trabeculae form
o Takes about two months
- Stage 4 Bone remodelling
o Excess bone removed
o Compact bone made to form shaft walls
o Many months to complete
```
69
Fracture terminology
- Simple (closed)
- Open (compound)
- Displaced
- Angulated
- Communicated
- Greenstick
- Spiral
- Compression
- Depression
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describing a fracture
B Bone name
O Open or closed – skin breached
L Location/site
T Type/pattern
L Length - shortened or lengthened
A Angulation – angle of bones relative to each other
R Rotation – rotation of distal fragment to proximal fragment
D Displacement - % of bone not touching each other
71
Name the bones of the cranium
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid bones
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name the facial bones
Lacrimal, Vomer, palantine, nasal, lacrimal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, mandible
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Name the different sutures and their location
*Coronal suture --> down the coronal plane betweeen the frontal and parietal bone *Squamous suture --> between the temporal and parietal bone *Lambdoid suture --> between the parietal ocipital and temporal bone *Saggital suture --> down the saggital plane between the two parietal bones *Pterion suture --> region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join together
74
Name the 12 muscles of the face
Occipitofontalis, procerus, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, resorius, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, depressor anguli oris, nasalis, platysma, buccinator, procerus, mentalis
75
Types of orbicularis oculi and their function
*Palpebral --> gentle and slow closing of eye e.g. blinking *Orbital --> forceful and quick closing of the eye
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Nasalis muscle types and funciton
*Transverse (over the nose) --> compress the nostrils *Alar (bottom of nose) --> diates the nose
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Types of occipitofrontalis and functions
* Occipital belly --> muscle near the occipital bone *Frontal belly --> muscle near the frontal bone that causes scrunching of the head * these two sections are connected by a aponeurosis over the head
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trigeminal nerve (CN V) distribution and innervation
Largest nerve in the face responsible for sensory information, divides into 3 branches called the Opthalmic (CN V1), Maxillary (CN V2), and madibular Branch (CN V3) --> the trigeminal nerve receives all sensory information antrior to the vertex
79
Anteriolateral muscles and their movements
Suprahyoids (elevatet he hyoid bone involved in swallowing), infrahyoids (depress the hyoid, play role in swallowing, and positioning of larynx), Scalenes (work with SCM to laterally flex and rotate neck + elevate ribs 1 & 2 for respiration) Sternocleidomastoid muscle (neck flexion, lateral flexion, neck rotation)
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Anteirorlateral muscles innervation
* Suprahyoids --> facial (CNVII), trigeminal nerve (CN V3), and anterior ramus C1 *Infrahyoids --> anterior rami C1 - C3 through the ansa cervicalis * Sternocleidomastoid --> Accessory Nerve (XI)
81
Boundaris of the anterior triangfle
Sternocleidomastoid laterally, inferior border of madible superiorly, midline of neck medially
82
Boundaries of Posterior traingle
Sternocleidomastoid anteriorly, Anterior edge of trapezius posteriorly, Middle third of clavicle inferiorly, Occipital bone posterior to mastoid process superiorly
83
Location of vagus nerve
sits in between the common carotid and internal jugular vein
84
Phreninc nerve locaiton
posterior to internal jugular vein which innervates the diaphragm
85
Accessory nerve location
much more superficially it innervated the trapezius and SCM
86
Common carotid detailed description
The common carotid artery bifurcates into the external and interior carotid artery just below the interiorly to the mandible. The external carotid artery is more anterior and supplies all the facial arteries, whereas the internal carotid artery supplies the brain.
87
Jugular vein detailed description
The internal and external Jugular veins directly come off the subclavian vein. The internal jugular vein passes just posterior to the common carotid artery and drains the venus networks from the brain whereas the external jugular vein passes over the SCM and drains the facial veins.
88
Draiange into jugular veins description
The facial veins drain into the internal jugular vein (passes just posteriorly to the common carotid artery) whereas the blood from the Venus networks in the brain drains into the external jugular vein (passes externally over the Sternocleidomastoid) **Internal Jugular and external jugular drain into the subclavian vein which drains into the superior vena cava.
89
muscles involved in neck flexion
Sternocleidomastoid
90
Muscle involved in Neck extension
Splenius capitis, and cervicus
91
muscles involved in lateral flexion
SCM, scalenes
92
Muscles involved in Neck rotation
Splenius capitis and cervicus (same side), SCM and scalenes (opposite sides)
93
Facial nerve number and description
CN VII --> innervation of all facial muscle
94
Other nerves
Accessory nerves --> CN XI * Cervical plexus C1, C2, C3, C4 *Vagus nerve (CN X) * Phrenic nerve (comes off C3 - C5)
95
Bone landmarks
Inferior nasal conchae, Zygomatic proces/arch, temporal process/arch, Madibular fosa, external acoustic opening, and meatus, external occipital proteuberance, and nuchal lines,
