Elbow

Question 0

What type of joint is the elbow?

Answer 0

Compound joint - modified or loose hinge joint

Question 1

What three joints does the elbow consist of?

Answer 1

Humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joints

Question 2

Why is the elbow joint considered a “modified” hinge joint?

Answer 2

Allows for slight axial rotation and side to side motion of the ulna during flexion and extension

Question 3

What is the closed pack position for the elbow?

Answer 3

Extension

Question 4

What type of joint is the radiohumeral joint?

Answer 4

Spin joint

Question 5

What type of motion does the radiohumeral joint allow?

Answer 5

Supination and pronation

Question 6

How many joints are loaded when you are pushing on something?

Answer 6

2 - wrist and elbow joint

Question 7

When does a joint have more stability?

Answer 7

When the joint surfaces are touching each other

Question 8

How many joints does the elbow consist of?

Answer 8

3

Question 9

How many joint capsules does the elbow have?

Answer 9

1

Question 10

In which position is the capsule loose and weak?

Answer 10

Anteriorly and posteriorly

Question 11

What reinforces the joint capsule medially and laterally?

Answer 11

Ligaments

Question 12

What does the head of the radius correlate with?

Answer 12

Capitulum

Question 13

What does the olecranon process correlate with?

Answer 13

Trochlea

Question 14

What does the proximal MCL fuse with?

Answer 14

Common flexor tendon

Question 15

What does the anterior MCL resist?

Answer 15

Valgus stress during 20-120* of elbow flexion (boney from 0-20*)

Question 16

What does the LCL fuse with?

Answer 16

Common extensor tendon

Question 17

What does the LCL stabilize?

Answer 17

Varus stress and a combination of a varus and supination stress

Question 18

What does the LCL reinforce?

Answer 18

Humeroradial joint

Question 19

What direction is a valgus force?

Answer 19

Away from the midline (ABD)

Question 20

What direction is a varus force?

Answer 20

Towards the midline (ADD)

Question 21

What is tested during a valgus stress?

Answer 21

MCL and wrist flexors

Question 22

What is tested during a varus stress?

Answer 22

LCL and wrist extensors

Question 23

What side do the flexors sit?

Answer 23

Anterior

Question 24

What side do the extensors sit?

Answer 24

Posterior

Question 25

What two muscles cross both the shoulder and the elbow joint?

Answer 25

Biceps brachii (short head) and the triceps

Question 26

What is the importance of the angle of the axis of motion?

Answer 26

Angle causes the arm to go more medially during flexion and more laterally during extension - assists in how we function

Question 27

What is the average carrying angle?

Answer 27

10-15*

Question 28

What sex has a larger carrying angle?

Answer 28

Females

Question 29

When does the carrying angle disappear?

Answer 29

30* of flexion

Question 30

What is the function of the carrying angle?

Answer 30

Aids in ability to carry things (walking and getting legs through during stride)

Question 31

What is AROM and PROM of the elbow joint?

Answer 31

AROM - 135-145* | PROM - 150-160*

Question 32

What does the amount of ROM available depend on?

Answer 32

Type of motion, position of forearm, BMI, position of shoulder, and swelling

Question 33

What type of end feel is elbow flexion?

Answer 33

Soft tissue

Question 34

When is there more ROM with supination?

Answer 34

When flexing

Question 35

What is the idea behind swelling in a joint and ROM?

Answer 35

Fluid stays within the capsule which pushes on the capsule causing it to want to be in an open pack position

Question 36

What does the joint capsule's ability to prevent varus and valgus stress depend on?

Answer 36

Elbow position

Question 37

What helps provide the stability of the elbow?

Answer 37

Co-contraction of flexor and extensor muscles of the wrist and elbow

Question 38

What is the main elbow flexor?

Answer 38

Brachialis

Question 39

What type of physiological cross sectional area (PCSA) does the brachialis have?

Answer 39

Large PCSA

Question 40

When is the moment arm of the brachialis the greatest?

Answer 40

100* of flexion

Question 41

When is the brachialis active?

Answer 41

All types of contraction

Question 42

Is the brachialis affected by pronation or supination?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

What type of PCSA does the biceps have?

Answer 43

Small PCSA

Question 44

When is the moment arm of the biceps the greatest?

Answer 44

80-100* of flexion

Question 45

What does the activation of the biceps depend on?

Answer 45

Forearm position and magnitude of resistance

Question 46

What motion does the biceps assist in?

Answer 46

Supination

Question 47

What type of PCSA does the brachioradialis have?

Answer 47

Small PCSA

Question 48

When is the moment arm of the brachioradialis the greatest?

Answer 48

100-120* of flexion

Question 49

What affects the brachioradialis action?

Answer 49

Forearm position and types of contractions

Question 50

What type of muscle is the brachioradialis?

Answer 50

Stabilization muscle

Question 51

What type of PCSA does the triceps have?

Answer 51

Small PCSA

Question 52

When is the maximum isometric torque produced by the triceps?

Answer 52

90* of flexion

Question 53

Is the triceps affected by forearm supination and pronation?

Answer 53

No

Question 54

When is the triceps a synergist?

Answer 54

During supination when the biceps is active

Question 55

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 55

Uniaxial pivot joint

Question 56

What two ligaments reinforce the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 56

Annular ligament and quadrate ligament

Question 57

What two ligaments and structure reinforce the distal radioulnar joint?

Answer 57

Interosseous membrane, dorsal radioulnar ligament, and palmar radioulnar ligament

Question 58

What happens to the radius when you weight bear on your hands?

Answer 58

Radius pushes up into the elbow joint and the interosseous membrane transfers forces from the radius to the ulna

Question 59

What are the three muscles associated with the radioulnar joint?

Answer 59

Supinator, pronator teres, and pronator quadratus

Question 60

How much ROM does the radioulnar joint allow?

Answer 60

150*

Question 61

What is pronation limited by?

Answer 61

Bony approximation, tension in dorsal radioulnar ligament, posterior fibers of MCL in elbow, and tension in biceps (during extension)

Question 62

What is supination limited by?

Answer 62

Passive tension of palmar radioulnar ligament and oblique cord

Question 63

What axis does pronation and supination occur in?

Answer 63

Longitudinal axis

Question 64

What additional movement does the pronator teres assist in?

Answer 64

Flexion of elbow

Question 65

What minimum ranges are needed for function?

Answer 65

Flexion - 30-130* | Pronation and supination - 50*

Question 66

What does the radioulnar joint provide, mobility or stability?

Answer 66

Mobility

Question 67

What types of errors do the elderly make?

Answer 67

Errors in judgment about the amount of effort needed to accomplish motor tasks

Question 68

What type of elbow injury is most common?

Answer 68

Landing on an extended elbow

Question 69

What can compression in the elbow flexors cause?

Answer 69

Compression to the ulnar nerve

Question 70

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

Answer 70

Ulnar nerve gets compressed in the cubital tunnel by the flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 71

What is a common distraction injury?

Answer 71

Nursemaid's elbow - radial head pulls out of the annular ligament when extended and pronated

Question 72

What does distraction medially cause?

Answer 72

Compression laterally

Question 73

What is a type of a varus and valgus injury?

Answer 73

Avascular necrosis of compressed surface (capitulum)

Question 74

What happens during pitching?

Answer 74

MCL undergoes a lot of stress

Question 75

What is Golfer's elbow?

Answer 75

Medial epicondylitis or tendinopathy

Question 76

What is Tennis elbow?

Answer 76

Lateral epicondylitis or tendinopathy