Elbow, forearm and wrist

Question 1

What are the two articular surfaces of the distal humerus and what do they articulate with?

Answer 1

Capitulum – articulates with the head of the radius

Trochlea – articulates with the head of the ulna

Question 2

Which fossae are present on the anterior side of the distal humerus?

Answer 2

Radial fossa
Coranoid fossa (the coranoid process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is flexed)

Question 3

Which fossa is present on the posterior side of the distal humerus?

Answer 3

Olecranon fossa – the olecranon process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is extended

Question 4

What are tuberosities found near the elbow joint?

Answer 4

Radial tuberosity

Ulnar tuberosity

Question 5

What does the distal end of the ulna articulate with

Answer 5

An articular disc (not with carpal bones)

Question 6

What does the distal end of the radius articulate with?

Answer 6

Scaphoid and lunate

Question 7

What separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm?

Answer 7

Interosseous membrane

Question 8

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

Answer 8

Flexor retinaculum

Question 9

What can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 9

Scaphoid (this is often fractured when trying to break a fall)

Question 10

Which tendons mark the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 10

Lateral – Extensor Pollicis Brevis + Abductor Pollicis Longus
Medially – Extensor Pollicis Longus

Question 11

Which blood vessel is present in the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 11

Branch of the radial artery

Question 12

What does the head of the radius articulate with?

Answer 12

Capitulum

Question 13

What are the main ligaments found at the elbow joint?

Answer 13

Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
Anular ligament

Question 14

Describe the articulation of the radius and ulna with the carpal bones.

Answer 14

The distal end of the radius articulates with scaphoid and lunate
The distal end of the ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones, it articulates with an articular disc

Question 15

Describe how the biceps contribute to supination.

Answer 15

The biceps tendon inserts into the radial tuberosity
When prone, the radial tuberosity is turned posteriorly
So then when the biceps contract, it will pull the tuberosity back around

Question 16

What is the name given to the space anterior to the elbow and what are its boundaries?

Answer 16

Cubital fossa
Superior border – line between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
Medial border – lateral border of pronator teres
Lateral border – medial border of brachioradialis

Question 17

Where can the median nerve be damaged easily?

Answer 17

Elbow and wrist

Question 18

Where is the ulnar nerve easily damaged?

Answer 18

It lies behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus where it can easily be damaged
It can also be damaged at the wrist

Question 19

Where is the radial nerve easily damaged?

Answer 19

It lies close to the humerus in the radial groove so fractures of the humerus could damage the radial nerve
It can also be damaged in the axillary region

Question 20

Proximal row of carpal bones

Answer 20

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

Question 21

Feature of pisiform

Answer 21

Sesame is bone so is embedded in tendon

Question 22

Muscles of deep anterior compartment in forearm

Answer 22

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

Question 23

Divisions of posterior forearm compartment

Answer 23

Muscles that move:
Wrist joint
Digits
Thumb
“Other”

Question 24

Muscles that move digits posterior compartment

Answer 24

Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis
Extensor digit minimi

Question 25

Muscles that move thumb

Answer 25

Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis

Question 26

Other muscles of posterior forearm compartment

Answer 26

Brachioradialis | Supinator

Question 27

Differences in carrying angle males and females

Answer 27

Females is normally wider above 15 degrees | Males is normally narrower like 10-15

Question 28

Muscles of supination

Answer 28

Supinator Biceps Extensor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus

Question 29

Muscles of pronation

Answer 29

``` Pronator quadratus Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Brachioradialis ```

Question 30

Muscles for flexion of wrist

Answer 30

``` FCR FCU Flexors of thumb and digits PL APL ```

Question 31

Abduction of radial

Answer 31

AP” FCR ECRL ECRB

Question 32

Muscles of adduction in wrist

Answer 32

ECU | FCU

Question 33

Division of ulnar artery

Answer 33

Common interossesous branch that becomes anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

Question 34

Main nerves of upper limb

Answer 34

Musculocutaneous Ulnar Median Radial

Question 35

Role of musculocutaneous nerve in forearm

Answer 35

Sensory to lateral forearm

Question 36

Role of median nerve

Answer 36

Main nerve for muscles of forearm

Question 37

Path of median nerve

Answer 37

Goes through anterior compartment of arm lying anterior to elbow with brachial artery

Question 38

Route of ulnar nerve

Answer 38

Goes through posterior arm compartment behind medial epicondyle at elbow

Question 39

Role of ulnar nerve

Answer 39

Main nerve of hand

Question 40

Route of radial nerve

Answer 40

Passes around body of humerus at mid shaft in radial groove then courses via anterior compartment of upper arm more distally before dividing into a deep and superficial branch at elbow

Question 41

Superficial branch of radial nerve

Answer 41

Superficial radial nerve | Sensory

Question 42

Deep branch of radial nerve and function

Answer 42

Posterior interossesous nerve | Motor

Question 43

Muscles of wrist extension

Answer 43

ECRL ECR ECU Long extensors of thumb and fingers

Question 44

2 radio-ulnar joints

Answer 44

Proximal and distal

Question 45

Muscles that move wrist joint

Answer 45

Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 46

Way of remembering common flexor tendon muscles positions

Answer 46

``` Place left 4 fingers on right cubital fossa and moving down to little finger PT FCR PL FCU ```

Question 47

What anterior superficial muscles originate from common flexor tendon attached to medial epicondyle

Answer 47

All but FDS

Question 48

Muscles of anterior superficial compartment

Answer 48

``` Protonator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum superficilialis Flexor carpi ulnaris ```

Question 49

Division of anterior compartment

Answer 49

Superficial and deep

Question 50

Compartments of forearm

Answer 50

Anterior | Posterior

Question 51

Distal row of carpals

Answer 51

Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate