Electrolyte Cram

Question 1

Hyponatremia - Causes

Answer 1

too much H2O intake

low Na+ intake

Question 2

Hyponatremia - Signs and Symptoms

Answer 2

anorexia
N/V
Twitching 
Seizure 
Headache 
Altered mental status

Question 3

Hyponatremia - Dx

Answer 3

Chest CT to rule out Lung cancer

Question 4

Hyponatremia - Treatment

Answer 4

slow Na replacement

monitor fluid status

Question 5

Hypernatremia - Causes

Answer 5

to much Na intake and water loss, increase ADH

“broken thirst mechanism”

Question 6

Thirst mechanism

Answer 6

increase Na, hypothalamus triggers thirst, ADH is released to absorb more H2O

Question 7

Hypernatremia - Dx

Answer 7

UA - NA
increase = renal
decrease = external

Question 8

Hypernatremia - Treatment

Answer 8

free H2O intake PO or IV

-rapid fluid replacement can cause pulmonary and cerebral edema

Question 9

Hypovolemia hyponatremia - causes

Answer 9

Renal 
-Salt loosing nephritis 
-Hypoaldosteronism 
-Osmotic diuretics
-Thiazides
Non-renal
-N/V
-Diarrhea
-Burns
-Sweating

Question 10

Hypovolemia hyponatremia - Treatment

Answer 10

Isotonic fluids

Question 11

Hypervolemia hyponatremia

Answer 11

more water not enough salt

Question 12

Hypervolemia hyponatremia - causes

Answer 12

CHF
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome

Question 13

Hypervolemia hyponatremia - treatment

Answer 13

diuretics or dialysis in severe cases

Question 14

Isovolemic/Euvolemic hyponatremia

Answer 14

retaining fluid

Question 15

Isovolemic/Euvolemic hyponatremia - causes

Answer 15

SIADH
Hypothyroidism
Glucocorticoid deficiency

Question 16

Isovolemic/Euvolemic hypoatremia - treatment

Answer 16

treat underlying condition

Question 17

Hypokalemia -mnemonic

Answer 17

CCHEM - RG - Suction

Question 18

Hypokalemia - causes

Answer 18

Cushings
CHF
Hyperaldosterone
Elevated glucose 
Meds
Renal tubular acidosis
GI loss

Question 19

Hypokalemia - presentation

Answer 19

Skeletal weakness
U wave
Constipation 
Toxicity 
Irregular weak pulse
Orthostatic hypotension 
Numbness

Question 20

Hypokalemia - complications

Answer 20

cardiac arrest

Question 21

Hyperkalemia - mnemonic

Answer 21

Camm - RN - Tall tented T wave

Question 22

Hyperkalemia - causes

Answer 22

Cell injury 
ACE
Meds
Metabolicacidosis 
Renal failure 
NSAIDs

Question 23

Hyperkalemia - ECG

Answer 23

Torsades and tall tented T wave

Question 24

Hyperkalemia - treatment - mild

Answer 24

K+ wasting diuretics

Question 25

Hyperkalemia - treatment moderate

Answer 25

K+ binders (SPS)

Question 26

Hyperkalemia - Severe

Answer 26

``` IV calcium gluconate (ECG changes) Sodium bicarb (acidosis) ```

Question 27

Hypocalcemia - causes

Answer 27

CKD (MC) hypoparathyroid decrease intake/absorption CV collapse

Question 28

Hypocalcemia - signs

Answer 28

Trousseau's and Chvostek's

Question 29

Hypercalcemia - mnemonic

Answer 29

POST-AND-C

Question 30

Hypercalcemia - causes

Answer 30

``` Polyuria Orthostatic hypotension Stuppor Tachy Anorexia Nausea Dehydration Constipation ```

Question 31

Hypercalcemia - testing

Answer 31

``` Order 24 hour urine UA increase Ca = cancer UA decrease Ca = PTH increase hematuria CXR = rule out lung cancer ```

Question 32

Hypercalcemia - increase CA

Answer 32

cancer = lung

Question 33

Hypomagnesemia - causes

Answer 33

increase GI loss increase urinary decrease GI absorption alcoholism

Question 34

Hypomagnesemia -presentation

Answer 34

``` Seizures Tetany, tremors, twitching Anorexia and arrhythmias Rapid HR Vomiting Emotional lability, confusion, depression Deep tending reflex increase ```

Question 35

Hypomagnesemia - diagnosis

Answer 35

ECG - torsades (MC), u wave, hypokalemic goes with it