ELECTROLYTES Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
What are the electrolytes that have a high concentration in RBCs?
A
- Potassium
- Phosphorus
- Magnesium
2
Q
What are the electrolytes that have a high concentration in the plasma?
A
- Sodium
- Chloride
3
Q
Sodium and chloride have a high concentration in what?
A
high concentration in the plasma
4
Q
Potassium, phosphorus, and Magnesium have a high concentration in what?
A
high concentration in RBCs
5
Q
These are ions that carry a negative charge
A
Anions
6
Q
Anions carry what charge?
A
negative charge
7
Q
These ions move toward the anode
A
Anions
8
Q
Anions move toward what field?
A
the anode
9
Q
The anode is a field with what charge?
A
positively charged field
10
Q
This is a positively charged field
A
anode
11
Q
Anions move toward the positively charged field
true or false
A
true
12
Q
What are examples of anions?
A
- Choride
- Bicarbonate
- Phosphate
13
Q
These are ions that carry a positive charge
A
cations
14
Q
cations move toward what field?
A
cathode
15
Q
This is a negatively charged field
A
cathode
16
Q
a cathode has a field of what charge?
A
a negatively charged field
17
Q
cations carry what charge?
A
cations carry a positive charge
18
Q
What are examples of cations?
A
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Magnesium
- Calcium
19
Q
Chloride is an anion
true or false
A
TRUE
20
Q
Sodium is an anion
true or false
A
FALSE
Cation
21
Q
Sodium is an anion
true or false
A
FALSE
Cation
22
Q
Bicarbonate is an anion
true or false
A
True
23
Q
Potassium is an anion
true or false
A
false
cation
24
Q
Phosphate is an anion
true or false
A
true
25
Phosphate is not an anion
| true or false
false
| anion
26
Magnesium is an anion
| true or false
false
| cation
27
Magnesium is an anion
| true or false
false
| cation
28
Calcium is an anion
| true or false
False
| cation
28
Calcium is an anion
| true or false
False
| cation
29
chloride
| Anion or cation
Anion
30
Bicarbonate
| Anion or cation
Anion
31
Phosphate
| Anion or cation
Anion
32
Sodium
| Anion or cation
Cation
33
Potassium
| Anion or cation
Cation
34
Magnesium
| Anion or cation
Cation
35
Calcium
| Anion or cation
Cation
36
What are 7 functions of electrolytes?
"**Important** *For the Regulation* , **For the Production**, and *Maintenance* of **Volume** *For Neuromuscular Excitability* and **Myocardial Rhythm"**
1. Important cofactors in enzyme activation
2. For the regulation of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) ion pumps
3. For the production and use of ATP from glucose
4. Maintenance of acid-base balance
5. Volume and osmotic regulation
6. For Neuromuscular Excitability
7. Myocardial rhythm and contractility
37
What are the electrolytes for the **v**o**lu**me and osmotic regulation?
Na, Cl, K
38
What are the electrolytes for **My**o**ca**rdial rhythm and contractility?
Mg, K, Ca
39
What are the electrolytes for important cofactors in e**nz***ym*e **ac**tivation?
Mg, Ca, Zn
40
What are the electrolytes for the regulation of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) ion pump?
Mg
41
What are the electrolytes for the neuromuscular excitability?
| Same as Myocardiam Rhthym and contactility
Mg, K, Ca
42
What are the electrolytes for the production and use of AT**P** from glucose?
| plus ATPase ion pump
Mg and PO4
43
What are the electrolytes for maintenance of acid-**base **balance?
HCO3, K, Cl
44
It is the major extracellular anion
Chloride
45
Chloride promotes the maintenance of what?
promotes maintenance of water balance and osmotic pressure
46
Chloride promotes maintenance of water balance and osmotic pressure in conjunction with what?
in conjunction with sodium
47
It promotes maintenance of water balance and osmotic pressure in conjunction with sodium
Chloride
48
Chloride is the major extracellular anion-chief counter ion of WHAT in WHERE?
the major extracellular anion-chief counter ion of sodium in ECF
49
It is the only anion to serve as an enzyme activator
Chloride
50
Chloride is the only anion to serve as a/an what?
to serve as an enzyme activator
51
This electrolyte has a reference value of 98-107 mmol/L
Chloride
52
What is the reference value of chloride?
98-107 mmol/L
53
What is the normal range for chloride in the urine?
110-250 mmol/ day, varies with diet
54
this electrolyte varies with diet in the urine
chloride
55
Marked hemolysis may cause decreased levels of chloride due to what?
due to dilutional effect
56
In chloride specimen consideration, slightly lower values are observed in what kind of specimen?
post prandial specimen
57
In chloride specimen consideration, low serum values are observed in conditions with what?
high HCO3 levels
58
In chloride specimen consideration, this may cause decreased levels of chloride due to dilutional effect
Marked hemolysis
59
In chloride specimen consideration, marked hemolysis may cause what to the levels of chloride due to dilutional effect?
decreased levels
60
In chloride specimen consideration, what is observed in post prandial specimens?
Slightly lower values
61
In chloride specimen considerations, these are observed in conditions with high HCO3 levels
Low serum values
62
Lower values are observed in post prandial specimens in chloride specimen considerations
| true or false
slightly low values
| false
63
High serum levels are observed in conditions with high HCO3 levels in chloride specimen considerations
| true or false
Low serum levels
| false
64
High serum levels are observed in conditions with high HCO3 levels in chloride specimen considerations
| true or false
Low serum levels
| false
65
Marked hemolysis may cause increased levels of chloride due to dilutional effect
| true or false
decreased levels of chloride
| false
66
Marked hemolysis may cause increased levels of chloride due to dilutional effect
| true or false
decreased levels of chloride
| false
67
What is the anticoagulant of choice for chloride?
lithium heparin
68
Lithium heparin is the anticoagulant of choice for what electrolyte?
chloride
69
In chloride, marked hemolysis may cause levels to be decreased as a result of what?
as a result of dilutional effect
70
In the urine specimen for chloride, this is needed because of the large diurnal variation
24-hour collection
71
In the urine specimen for chloride, why is a 24-hour collection needed?
needed because of the large
diurnal variation
72
In the urine specimen for chloride, why is a 24-hour collection needed?
needed because of the large
diurnal variation
73
What are the methods used for chloride?
1. Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
2. Mercurimetric Titration
3. Colorimetry
74
This is a solid-state electrode using membranes composed of AgCl
ISE
75
ISE is a solid-state electrode using membranes composed of what?
AgCl
76
In this method for chloride, in the presence of Cl¯ anions, an oxidation reduction reaction occurs, silver metal forms Ag+ cation and electrons
ISE
77
In ISE in Cl, what occurs in the presence of Cl- anions?
an oxidation reduction reaction
78
In ISE, an oxidation reduction reaction occurs in the presence of what?
in the presence of Cl- anions
79
When an oxidation reduction reaction occurs, silver metal forms what?
silver metal forms Ag+ cation and electrons
80
Mercurimetric titration is also called ...
Schales and Schales method
81
Schales and Schales method is also called ...
mercurimetric titration
82
What is the principle in Mercurimetric titration?
1. Cl- in the sample combines with the added Hg++ to form the soluble HgCl2 complex.
2. Excess unreacted added Hg++ combines with an indicator such as diphenylcarbazone to form a blue violet/purple end point of titration
83
In Schales and Schales method, the Cl- in the sample combines with added Hg++ to form what?
to form the soluble HgCl2 complex
84
Excess unreacted added Hg++ combines what an indicator such as what?
such as diphenylcarbazone
85
Excess unreacted added Hg++ combines with an indicator such as diphenylcarbazone to form a what?
to form a blue-violet/purple end point of titration
86
Excess unreacted added Hg++ combines with a what?
combines with an indicator
87
What is the endpoint/end product of mercurimetric titration?
blue-violet/purple
88
Colorimetry method in chloride is by ...
Schoenfeld and Lewellen
89
Schoenfeld and Lewellen demonstrated what method?
colorimetry
90
What is the principle of Schoenfeld and Lewellen?
1. Cl- ions in serum displaced thiocyanate ions from mercuric thiocyanate forming = mercuric chloride, which is only very slightly ionized
2. The liberated thiocyanate ions react with ferric ions to form = the orange-yellow thiocyanate complex, which is measured at 550nm against a water blank
91
In the colorimtery method, Cl- ions in serum displaces what?
displaces thiocyanate ions
92
In the colorimtery method, Cl- ions in serum displaces thiocyanate ions from what?
from mercuric thiocyanate
93
In the colorimtery method, Cl- ions in serum displaces thiocyanate from mercuric thiocyanate forming what?
forming mercuric chloride
94
the mercuric chloride formed from the displacement of thiocyanate from mercuric thiocyanate is only slightly ionized
| true or false
VERY slightly ionized
| false
95
the mercuric chloride formed from the displacement of thiocyanate from mercuric thiocyanate is only slightly ionized
| true or false
VERY slightly ionized
| false
96
In Schoenfeld and Lewellen, these react with ferric ions to form the orange-yellow thiocyanate complex?
liberated thiocyanate ions react with ferric ions
97
In colorimetry method in chloride, the liberated thiocyanate ions react with what?
react with ferric ions
98
In colorimetry method in chloride, the liberated thiocyanate ions react with ferric ions to form what?
to form the orange-yellow thiocyanate complex
99
how is the orange-yellow thiocyanate complex formed from the reaction of liberated thiocyanate ions and the ferric ions measured?
measured at 550nm against a water blank
100
how is the orange-yellow thiocyanate complex formed from the reaction of liberated thiocyanate ions and the ferric ions measured?
measured at 550nm against a water blank
101
the orange-yellow thiocyanate complex in Schoenfeld and Lewellen is measured against a what?
against a water blank
102
Under colorimetry, what is another test done?
sweat test
103
It is the single most accepted common diagnostic tool for clinical identification of cystic fibrosis
sweat test
104
The sweat test is the single most accepted common diagnostic tool for the clinical identification of what?
for the clinical identification of cystic fibrosis
105
Cystic fibrosis is also called ...
MUCOVISCIDOSIS
106
It is the single most accepted common diagnostic tool
Sweat test
107
It is essential for the insulin-mediated entry of glucose into cells
Phosphate
108
Phosphate is essential for the insulin-mediated entry of glucose into cells by a process involving what?
a process involving phosphyorylation of the glucose and the co-entry of K+
109
It is inversely related to calcium.
Phosphate
110
This electrolyte has a reference value of 2.7-4.5 mg/dL (adults) 4.5-5.5 mg/dL (child)
Phosphate
111
What is the reference value of phosphate in adults?
2.7-4.5 mg/dL
112
What is the reference value of phosphate in children?
4.5-5.5 mg/dL
113
What do you call it when phosphorus exists as a principle anion within cell?
organic phosphate
114
When phosphorus exists as part of the blood buffer
Inorganic phosphate
115
Organic phosphate is part of the blood buffer
| true or false
Inorganic phosphate
| false
116
Organic phosphate is the principal anion within cell
| true or false
true
117
Phosphorus exists as what? (2)
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
118
What are the forms of phosphorus?
1. Free or unbound form
2. Complexed with ions
3. Protein-bound
119
What form of phosphorus has the highest percent?
Free or unbound form
120
What percent of phosphorus is protein bound?
10%
121
What percent of phosphorus is free or unbound?
55%
122
What percent of phosphorus is complexed with ions?
35%
123
10% of phosphorus is what form?
protein bound
124
55% of phosphorus is what form?
Free or unbound
125
What are the factors affecting phosphate concentration?
- PTH
- Calcitonin
- Growth hormone
126
This is a factor affecting phosphate concentration that decreases the phosphate by renal excretion
PTH
127
This is a factor affecting phosphate concentration that inhibits bone reabsorption
Calcitonin
128
This is a factor affecting phosphate concentration that increases phosphate renal reabsorption
Growth hormone
129
How does the PTH affect phosphate concentration?
It DECREASES phosphate by renal excretion
130
How does the PTH affect phosphate concentration?
It DECREASES phosphate by renal excretion
131
How does the Calcitonin affect phosphate concentration?
It INHIBITS bone reabsorption
132
How does the Growth Hormone affect phosphate concentration?
It INCREASES phosphate renal reabsorption
133
The PTH decreases phosphate by what?
by renal excretion
134
Calcitonin inhibits what?
renal reabsorption
135
Growth hormone increases what?
increases phosphate renal reabsorption
136
A high CHO diet in phosphorus can result to what?
DECREASED LEVELS of phosphate
137
What is required in specimen consideration in phosphorus?
fasting is required
138
Why is fasting required as a practical consideration in phosphorus?
because a high CHO diet can result in decreased levels of phosphorus
139
In specimen consideration of phosphorus, what must be done to the specimen?
Separate the serum from the red cell immediately after clotting is completed
140
In the specimen consideration of phosphorus, what are the anticoagulants that interfere with the analytical method?
* Oxalate
* Citrate
* EDTA
141
Phosphate (PO4) deficiency can lead to what?
ATP depletion
142
ATP depletion is due to what?
Phosphate (PO4) deficiency
143
It is the second most abundant anion in the ECF
Bicarbonate
144
This electrolyte has a reference value of : 21-28 mEq/L (venous blood, plasma or serum)
Bicarbonate
145
What is the reference value of Bicarbonate?
21-28 mEq/L
146
How does the pH imbalance of bicarbonate happen?
1. It diffuses out of the cell in exchange for chloride to maintain ionic charge neutrality within the cell
2. the buffering capacity of blood is maintained by a reversible exchange process between bicarbonate and chloride
147
The pH imbalance of bicarbonate diffuses out of the cell in exchange for what?
in exchange for chloride
148
The pH imbalance of bicarbonate diffuses out of the cell in exchange for chloride to maintain what?
to maintain ionic charge neutrality within the cell
149
The diffusion of phosphate out of the cell in exchange for chloride to maintain ionic charge neutrality is called what?
chloride shift
150
this is maintained by a reversible exchange process between bicarbonate and chloride
the buffering capacity of blood
151
How is the buffering capacity of blood in the pH imbalance of phosphorus maintained?
maintained by a REVERSIBLE process
152
The buffering capacity of blood in the pH imbalance of phosphorus is maintained by a REVERSIBLE process between what?
between bicarbonate and chloride
153
What is the function of Bicarbonate?
it is the major component of the buffering system in the blood
154
How is the specimen for bicabonate collected?
blood is ANAEROBICALLY collected
155
What is the specimen suitable for the analysis of bicarbonate?
Serum or lithium heparin plasma
156
Serum or lithium heparin is suitable for the analysis of what?
bicarbonate
157
Serum or lithium heparin is suitable for the analysis of what?
bicarbonate
158
lithium heparin is the anticoagulant of choice for what electrolyte?
chloride
159
What are the 2 methods used for the analysis of bicarbonate?
1. ISE
2. Enzymatic
160
The Ion Selective Electrode for the analysis of bicarbonate uses what electrode in particular?
pCO2 electrode
161
The enzymatic method for the analysis of bicarbonate uses what enzyme in particular?
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and dehydrogenase
162
This is used to carboxylate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the presence of PEP carboxylase
HCO3-
163
HCO3- is used to carboxylate what?
used to carboxylate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
164
HCO3- is used to carboxylate PEP in the presence of what?
in the presence of PEP carboxylase
165
this catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate
PEP carboxylase
166
PEP carboxylase catalyzes the formation of what?
oxaloacetate
167
Known as Major extracellular cation
Sodium
168
It is the most abundant cation in the ECF
Sodium
169
Sodium represents what percent of ALL EXTRACELLULAR CATIONS?
90%
170
Slight hemolysis does not affect the testing process for this electrolyte
Sodium
171
significant hemolysis can dilute the sample for the testing of this electrolyte
Sodium
172
What are the samples than can be used for analysis bicarbonate?
Serum, plasma, or urine
173
What must be avoided in the analysis of sodium?
Avoid any additive with SODIUM
174
What additives can be used for the analysis of sodium?
Lithium heparin, potassium EDTA
175
What is the reference method for the analysis of sodium?
Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometry (AAS)
176
What are the methods for the analysis of sodium?
1. AAS
2. ISE
3. Chemical Method
177
In the analysis of sodium, what is the ISE electrode used in particular?
Glass membrane electrode
178
It is the most routinely used method in clinical laboratories for the analysis of sodium
ISE electrode: Glass membrane electrode
179
What are the 2 types of ISE measurements in the analysis of sodium?
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
180
this ISE measurement is the undiluted sample
direct method
181
This type of ISE measurement is the diluted sample
Indirect method
182
This type of ISE measurement can be affected by protein and lipid that can displace sodium
Indirect method
183
The indirect method can be affected by what?
by protein and lipids
184
In the indirect method, these can displace sodium
proteins and lipids
185
what is the effect of proteins and lipids to sodium can lead to what?
can lead to falsely decreased measurement
186
In the chemical method for the analysis of sodium, what is the chemical method called?
albanese lien
187
Albanese lien is composed of what?
cupric sulfate and NaOH
188
It is the major intracellular cation in the body
Potassium
189
This electrolyte has a concentration 20 times greater inside the cells than outside.
Potassium
190
Potassium has a concentration 20 times greater outside the cells than inside
| True or false
20 times greater inside the cells than outside
| false
191
In the preanalytical analysis of potassium, what must be avoided?
* Hemolysis
* Prolonged tourniquet application
* excessive opening and closing of fists during phlebotomy
192
For the analysis of potassium, blood should be stored where?
stored at room temperature
193
In the analaysis of potassium, if the sample is a whole blood, how must the sample be handled?
NEVER REFRIGERATE
194
Why must whole blood sample in the analysis of potassium never be refrigerated?
because of the tendency of potassium to LEAK OUT from serum upon refrigeration
195
What can the results be if whole blood for the analysis of potassium if specimen was refrigerated?
FALSELY ELEVATED
196
What is the reference method for potassium?
Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometry (AAS)
197
What is the ISE used for the analysis of potassium?
Valinomycin membrane electrode
198
The flame emission photometry in the analysis of potassium produced what color?
purple
199
What is the chemical method used for the analysis of potassium?
Lockhead and Purcell method
200
What are the methods used for the analysis of Potassium?
1. AAS
2. ISE: Valinomycin membrane electrode
3. Flame emission photometry
4. Chemical method: Lockhead and Purcell method
201
Most abundant cation in the body
Calcium
202
Where is calcium distributed in the body?
1. Bones
2. Blood
3. Cytosol
203
What percent is calcium present in the bones?
99%
204
What percent is calcium present in the blood?
1%
205
What percent is calcium present in the cytosol?
<1%
206
What are the forms of Calcium in the blood?
* Ionized
* Protein bound
* Complexed
207
This form of calcium in the blood is measurable
Ionized
208
These are examples of complex forms of calcium
* lactate
* citrate
* bicarbonate
209
What form of calcium in the blood is the most abundant?
Ionized
210
How many percent of calcium in the blood is ionized?
45%
211
How many percent of calcium in the blood is protein bound?
40%
212
How many percent of calcium in the blood is complexed?
15%
213
This electrolye is capable of binding magnesium
calcium
214
Because calcium is capable of binding magnesium, what must be done prior to analysis?
USE A MAGNESIUM SHELTER
215
A magnesium shelter is composed of what?
8-hydroxyquinoline/quinolol
216
Why should a magnesium shelter be used prior to calcium analysis?
to avoid interference by magnesium for O-cresolphthalein complexone method
217
Prior to calcium analysis, a magnesium shelter is used to avoid the interference by magnesium for what method?
O-cresolphthalein complexone method
218
What are the methods that can be used for the analysis of calcium?
AAS and Dye Binding methods
219
What is the reference method for the analysis of calcium?
Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometry
220
What is the wavelength used to measure chloride colorimetrically?
550nm
221
What is the wavelength for O-cresolphthalein complexone?
570nm
222
what is the wavelength of Arsenazo III dye?
530nm
223
What are the Dye binding methods used in the analysis of calcium?
1. O-cresolphthalein complexone (570nm)
2. Arsenazo III dye (530nm)
3. Clark and collip method
4. Sulkowitch
224
this dye binding method does not need for a shelter
Arsenazo III dye
225
Why does the Arsenazo III dye does not need a shelter?
because it is specific to calcium
226
This dye binding method is an old method
Clark and Collip method
227
This dye binding method is a redox titration
Clark and Collip method
228
This dye binding method is for urine calcium analysis
Sulkowitch
229
Sulkowitch is used specifically for the analysis of what?
Urine calcium analysis
230
It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body
Magnesium (Mg2+)
231
It is second most abundant intracellular ion.
Magnesium
232
What are the methods that can be used for the analysis of Magnesium?
1. AAS
2. Dye binding methods
233
What is the reference method for the analysis of Magnesium?
Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometry (AAS)
234
What are the dye binding methods for the analysis of Magnesium?
1. Titan yellow
2. Calmagite with magnesium
3. Formazan
4. Methylthymol blue
5. O-cresolphthalein complexone
235
What is the wavelength for Titan Yellow?
570-590nm
236
What is the wavelength for Calmagite with Magnesium?
532 nm
237
What is the wavelength for Formazan?
660 nm
238
What is the wavelength for Methylthymol blue?
600 nm
239
What is the wavelength for O-cresolphthalein complexone?
570 nm
240
What is the color produced by Calmagite with magnesium?
reddish violet complex
241
What is the color produced by Formazan?
blue complex
242
Using O-cresolphthalein complexone, if we are to measure magnesium, what should be done?
we should inhibit the calcium
243
In O-cresolphthalein, if we are to measure magnesium why should inhibit the calcium?
in order to avoid interference by calcium
244
In O-cresolphthalein, if we are to measure magnesium calcium is inhibited in order to avoid interference by calcium. What is used?
“glycosilated glyco EDTA” in magnesium analysis used
245
It is the chief counter ion of sodium in ECF
chloride
