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Clin Chem 2 (Laboratory) > TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

It is the study of toxic drugs or poisons.

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

It is any substance that, when taken in sufficient quantity, causes sickness or death.

A

Toxicant (poison)

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3
Q

It y is a relative term used to compare one substance with another

A

Toxicity

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4
Q

a toxic substance is one with a toxicity defined as what?

A

defined as “extremely” or “super” toxic

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5
Q

This is one with a toxicity defined as “extremely” or “super” toxic.

A

A toxic substance

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6
Q

Specific drugs considered to be what?

A

toxicants

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7
Q

Some of these drugs are also considered to be therapeutic in nature

True or false

A

true

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8
Q

Absorption of toxins in the GIT is by what?

A

by passive diffusion

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9
Q

this process requires
that the substance cross cellular barriers.

A

Passive diffusion

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10
Q

Tese toxins do not produce systemic effects but may produce local effects

A

Toxins that are not absorbed from the GIT

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11
Q

What are the local effects produced by toxins that are not absorbed from the GIT?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Bleeding
  • Malabsorption of nutrients
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12
Q

What are the common substances for ACUTE TOXICITY?

A
  1. alcohol
  2. acetaminophen
  3. salicylate
  4. abuse substance
  5. carbon monoxide
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13
Q

What are the routes of exposure of toxic substances?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. inhalation
  3. transdermal absorption
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14
Q

This refers to a single, short-term exposure to a substance

A

Acute toxicity

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15
Q

It refers to the repeated exposure for extended period of time

A

Chronic toxicity

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16
Q

This refers to the dose that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population

A

TD 50

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17
Q

This refers to the dose that would predict death in 50% of the population

A

LD 50

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18
Q

This refers to the dose that would be predicted to be effective or have a
therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population.

A

ED 50

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19
Q

These are anti-inflammatory agents and painkillers.

A

ANALGESICS

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20
Q

These drugs are also considered to be therapeutic

A

ANALGESICS

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21
Q

This is considered toxic at a serum level of >90 mg/dL 6 hours following ingestion.

A

Salicylate (aspirin)

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22
Q

Salicylate (aspirin) is considered toxic at a serum level of what?

A

more than 90 mg/dL

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23
Q

Salicylate (aspirin) is considered toxic at a serum level of >90 mg/dL how many hours after ingestion?

A

6 hours following ingestion

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24
Q

The time since ingestion must be known to
determine what?

A

to determine severity of toxicity.

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25
Q

Salicylate intoxication results in the following:

A
  1. stimulation of the respiratory system with initial respiratory alkalosis
  2. conversion of pyruvate to lactate
  3. inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation
  4. breakdown of fatty acids to produce ketoacids
  5. Eventually, metabolic acidosis occurs.
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26
Q

Renal clearance of salicylate can be increased by what?

A

by forced alkaline diuresis.

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27
Q

This can be increased by forced alkaline diuresis.

A

Renal clearance of salicylate

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28
Q

Acetaminophe, if present in the serum is at how much?

A

present in serum at 300 mcg/mL

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29
Q

How long does acetaminophen manifest after ingestion?

A

2 hours after ingestion

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30
Q

This drug induces hepatic toxicity

A

Acetaminophen

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31
Q

This drug induces hepatic toxicity

A

Acetaminophen

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32
Q

Acetaminophen induces what?

A

induces hepatic toxicity

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33
Q

What is critical in determining acetaminophen intoxication?

A

time since ingestion

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34
Q

Intoxication of Acetaminophen results in what?

A

hepatocystic necrosis

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35
Q

hepatocystic necrosis due to intoxication of acetaminophen occurs WHEN?

A

3 to 4 days after overdose

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36
Q

Intoxication of acetaminophen results in hepatocystic necrosis because of what?

A

because of the inability of the liver to adequately conjugate the
metabolite of acetaminophen (i.e.,acetamidoquinone) to glutathione.

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37
Q

Intoxication of acetaminophen results in hepatocystic necrosis because of the inability of the liver to adequately conjugate the what?

A

the metabolite of acetaminophen (i.e.,acetamidoquinone) to glutathione.

38
Q

This induces hepatocyte death.

A

High levels of acetamidoquinone in the liver

39
Q

What is the effective antidote for acetaminophen overdose?

A

Nacetylcysteine

40
Q

This is thought to act as a glutathione substitute and binds to the metabolite.

A

Nacetylcysteine

41
Q

Nacetylcysteine is thought to act as a what?

A

glutathione substitute and binds to the metabolite

42
Q

These are are short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting sedatives that exert a tranquilizing effect through their depressant effect on the CNS.

A

BARBITURATES

43
Q

What are the short-acting barbituates?

A

pento-, secobarbital

44
Q

What are the short-acting barbituates?

A

pento-, secobarbital

45
Q

What are the intermediate-acting barbiturates?

A

amo-, β-,
butabarbital

46
Q

What is an example of a long-acting barbiturate?

A

phenobarbital

47
Q

These are sedatives that exert a
tranquilizing effect through their depressant effect on the CNS.

A

Barbiturates

48
Q

barbiturates can be considered as substances of abuse or as analgesics

true or false

A

true

49
Q

Barbiturate intoxication results in what?

A

results in
- cardiac arrest
- respiratory depression

50
Q

Barbiturate intoxication results in cardiac arrest and respiratory depression through its effect on the what?

A

through its effect on the CNS

51
Q

There are no real antidotes for barbiturate overdose

true or false

A

true

52
Q

There are no real antidotes for barbiturate overdose except for what?

A

except the (1) establishment
of an open airway, (2) aiding respiration, and (3) maintaining cardiac output.

53
Q

These are also called opioids

A

narcotics

54
Q

These are compounds that include heroin, morphine, codeine, and methadone.

A

Narcotics

55
Q

Narcotics include what drugs?

A
  1. heroin
  2. morphine
  3. codeine
  4. methadone
56
Q

Most of these drugs are habit forming and can be considered drugs of abuse.

A

Narcotics

57
Q

What are the toxic effects of narcotic overdose/intoxication?

A
  • depression of respiration
  • coma
58
Q

depression of respiration due to narcotics intoxication is caused by what?

A

caused by a decreased sensitivity to carbon dioxide

59
Q

Heroin is
metabolized by the what?

A

by the liver

60
Q

heroin is excreted by the what?

A

excreted by the kidney

61
Q

heroin is metabolized by the liver to form what?

A

to form morphine

62
Q

heroin is excreted by the kidney as what?

A

morphine glucuronide

63
Q

What is the effective antidote for narcotic overdose?

A

naloxone

64
Q

This is a narcotic antagonist

A

naloxone

65
Q

These exist as organic complexes

A

PESTICIDES

66
Q

What are the 2 types of pesticides?

A
  1. organophosphates
  2. carbamates
67
Q

This is the largest single group of pesticides

A

organophosphates

68
Q

These compounds inhibit AChE (Acetylcholinesterase)

A

PESTICIDES

69
Q

Pesticides inhibit what enzyme?

A

AChE

70
Q

What are the specific effects of AChE inhibition?

A
  • effects on the heart
  • respiratory centers
  • muscle cramps
  • certain CNS effects
71
Q

What is the method used for the determination of pesticide poisoning?

A

the examination of PChE (Pseudocholinesterase)

72
Q

This an isoenzyme of AChE found in serum

A

PChE

73
Q

What is the effective antidote for pesticide poisoning?

A

atropine sulfate

74
Q

This is a tasteless gas with 200-fold greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

75
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE is a tasteless gas with an affinity of what?

A

200-fold greater affinity

76
Q

During carbon monoxide poisoning, hemoglobin cannot adequately exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen

true or false

A

true

77
Q

During carbon monoxide poisoning, why cant hemoglobin adequately exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen?

A

because of the increased amount of carboxyhemoglobin present.

78
Q

During carbon monoxide poisoning, hemoglobin cannot adequately exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide because of the increased amount of carboxyhemoglobin present.

true or false

A

carbon dioxide for oxygen

false

79
Q

During carbon monoxide poisoning, hemoglobin cannot adequately exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide because of the increased amount of carboxyhemoglobin present.

true or false

A

carbon dioxide for oxygen

false

80
Q

What is the effective antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning?

A
  1. removal of the source of carbon monoxide
  2. removal of the victim from the
    source
81
Q

This includes intoxication by the heavy metals lead, arsenic, and mercury.

A

METAL POISONING

82
Q

METAL POISONING includes intoxication by what?

A
  • by the heavy metals (i.e., lead, arsenic, and mercury)
83
Q

This is most typically caused by lead paint ingestion or continuous exposure to lead in the soil.

A

Lead poisoning

84
Q

Lead poisoning is most typically caused by what?

A
  1. lead paint ingestion
  2. continuous exposure to lead in the soil.
85
Q

This is found primarily in RBCs in intoxicated victims

A

Lead

86
Q

What are the widespread effects of lead intoxication?

A
  • gastrointestinal irritation
  • weight loss
  • kidney damage
  • convulsions
  • in children, altered cognition and
    encephalopathy.
87
Q

In lead intoxication, death occurs because of what?

A

because of
- peripheral vascular collapse
- brain involvement.

88
Q

What are the antidotes for lead intoxication/metal poisoning?

A
  1. Administration of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
  2. penicillamine
  3. other lead chelates that bind the lead
89
Q

In lead intoxication, other lead chelates that bind the lead and allow it to be excreted by the what?

A

by the kidney.

90
Q

These can determine the occurrence of lead poisoning after serum and urine lead levels have returned to normal

A

Examination of urinary ALA levels and RBC protoporphyrins

Clin Chem 2 (Laboratory) (5 decks)

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