Electrolytes

Question 1

Whats the major cation of extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

Na

Question 2

Whats a cation?

Answer 2

+ ion

Question 3

Where and how much SODIUM is reabsorbed?

Answer 3

85% in the kidneys

Question 4

Reference range of SODIUM

Answer 4

135 - 145

Question 5

What causes hyponatremia

Answer 5

diabetic acidosis
diarrhea
Addison’s diseases
renal tubular diseases

Question 6

What causes hypernatremia

Answer 6

Cushing’s syndrome

hyperaldosteronism

Question 7

Whats the major cation of intracellular fluid?

Answer 7

K

Question 8

Reference range of POTASSIUM

Answer 8

3.5 - 5.0

Question 9

What causes Hypokalemia ?

Answer 9

Insulin injections
Alkalosis
GI losses (Diarrhea and Vomiting)
Hyperaldosteronism (decrease renal function)

Question 10

What causes Hyperkalemia ?

Answer 10

Diabetic acidosis
Hemolysis
Burns
Renal failure 
Addison diseases

Question 11

Whats the major anion of extracellular fluid?

Answer 11

CL

Question 12

Chroride

Answer 12

maintains hydration, osmotic pressure and balance

Question 13

Reference range of Cl

Answer 13

98 - 106

Question 14

What causes Hypochloremia?

Answer 14

Diabetic acidosis
Pyelonephritis
Aldosterone defiency

Question 15

What causes Hyperchloremia?

Answer 15

adrenocortical hyperfunction
renal tubular acidosis
diarrhea

Question 16

Sweat Chloride

Answer 16

Collected by iontophoresis using drug.

>60 mM/L indicates cystic fribrosis

Question 17

Anion Gap

Answer 17

differences between unmeasured cation and anions.

Question 18

Major unmeasured cations

Answer 18

K, Ca, Mg

Question 19

Major unmeasured anion

Answer 19

Album, Sulfate, Phosphate

Question 20

Anion Gap formula with K & reference range

Answer 20

(Na+K) - (Cl + HCO3) with RR 10 -20

Question 21

Anion Gap formula w/out K & reference range

Answer 21

(Na) - (Cl + HCO3) with RR 7 -16

Question 22

When does the anion gap increases

Answer 22

in high concentration of ethanol, ketones and lactic acid

Question 23

When does the anion gap decreases

Answer 23

high serum Mg, Ca and Li; and hemodilution

Question 24

osmolality equation

Answer 24

measure renal tubular function; compare calculated vs measured osmolality

2Na + GLU/18 + BUN/2.8
Bun: blood urea nitrogen

Question 25

what does >10 measured osmolality indicates

Answer 25

presence of exogenous anions like methanol, ethanol, ketone bodies...

Question 26

Mg2+

Answer 26

Ca2+ channel blocking agent

Question 27

when does Mg increases and decreases

Answer 27

Increases in renal failure | decreases in cardiac disorder and d. mellitus

Question 28

what hormones control Ca2+ and how

Answer 28

PTH by increasing it Calcitonin by decreasing it Vit D by increasing reabsorption

Question 29

When does Ca increases

Answer 29

HyperPTH Multiple myeloma renal failure

Question 30

when does Ca decreases (tetany)

Answer 30

HypoPTH Decreases serum albumin decreases Vitamin D

Question 31

What element has an inverse relationship with Ca

Answer 31

phosphorus

Question 32

when does PO4 (phosphorus) increases

Answer 32

HypoPTH Renal failure Excess Vit D

Question 33

When does PO4 (phosphorus) decreases

Answer 33

HyperPTH | Impaired renal absorption

Question 34

Vit D forms

Answer 34

D2 form found in food (fish, plants, fungus) | D3 produced by photosynthesis in the skin

Question 35

Whats the active form of Vit. D and where is this produced

Answer 35

1,25-OH2D form in the liver (to 25 hydro D) and then kidneys

Question 36

What does the active form of Vit D produces

Answer 36

increases blood Ca and phosphorus

Question 37

What does deficiency of vitamin D produces

Answer 37

Rickets: softening of bones (kids) Osteoporosis: bone weakening and other

Question 38

what stimulates the synthesis of PTH

Answer 38

Ca

Question 39

what can drastically increases PCT procalcitonin?

Answer 39

Bacterial infection

Question 40

Whats the main stores of Iron

Answer 40

hgb 65%

Question 41

how is iron transported

Answer 41

haptoglobin, trasnferrin and hemopexin

Question 42

how is iron stored as

Answer 42

ferritin and hemosiderin

Question 43

``` what's the reference range of: serum iron transferrin TIBC Serum ferritin ```

Answer 43

``` serum iron male: 65 - 175 serum iron female: 50 - 170 transferrin 20 - 55 TIBC 250 - 425 Ferriting male 20 - 250 ferreting female 10 - 120 ```