Electrolytes and Acid-Base Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Parts of bone and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction, release of neurotransmitter
A
Ca
2
Q
Membrane Potentials
A
Na and K
3
Q
Red blood cell formation
A
Iron
4
Q
Necessary for enzyme
A
Magnesium
5
Q
Present in Thyroid Horomone
A
Iodide
6
Q
Water balance
A
Chloride
7
Q
Acid-Base Balance
A
Hydrogen, Hydroxide, Bicarbonate and Phosphate
8
Q
Sodium
A
Na+
9
Q
Normal Value
A
135-145 mEq/L
10
Q
Major ion in ECF
A
Sodium
11
Q
Routes of Excretion of Sodium
A
Urine and Sweat
12
Q
Affected by hormonal factors of Sodium
A
ADH & ANH
13
Q
When drawing blood, we measure
A
Extracellular Value
14
Q
What arteriole where Na are regulated
A
Afferent Pathway
15
Q
It relaxes afferent arteriole of the kidney to stimulate Renin
A
Decrease BP
16
Q
Foods rich in Na
A
Cured Meat
Canned Foods
Junk Foods
Condiments
17
Q
Imbalances typically associated with parallel changes in
A
Osmolality
18
Q
Major Role of Na
A
ECF volume and concentration
Generation and transmission of nerve impulses
Acid Base balance
19
Q
High Sodium
Increased intake of eating salty foods
A
Hypernatremia
20
Q
Ethiology of Hypernatremia
A
Near drowning (Ocean)
-drink a lot of Na
21
Q
Manifestation
A
Dehydration
Headache/Fever
Diarrhea
Seizure (severe cases)
22
Q
Treatment of Na
A
Replace it with Ca (yogurt and milk)
23
Q
Results from loss of Na
A
Hyponatremia
24
Q
Causes
A
Head Trauma
Adrenal Insufficiency
Gastrointestinal losses
Drinking hypo-osmolar fluids
25
Critical Values of Hypernatremia
CNS changes > 155 mEq/L
26
Hyponatremia Symptoms
Headache
Seizure (severe)
27
Ethiology of Hyponatremia
Caused by water excess
Fluid restriction is needed
28
Treament
Give small amount of IV hypertonic saline solution
29
Serious Value
125 mEq/L
30
Potassium
K+
31
Normal Values
3.5-4.5 mEq/L
32
Mostly in intracellular
K
33
How many percent in intracellular and intravascular
96%
4%
34
Major source of
K
35
Normal route of excretion
Kidneys
36
Cousin of K
Mg
37
High K
Low K
High Mg
Low Mg
38
Critical Value >8
Cardiac Arrest
39
Level required for normal function of the Na-K pump
Normal Mg
40
Food rich in K
Spinach
Legumes
Beans
Fruits
41
What makes animal sleep
Potassium Chloride
42
Necessary for
Transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impulses
Cellular Growth
Maintenance of Cardiac Rhythms
Acid-Base Balance
43
Increase intake of K
Hyperkalemia
44
High serum K by
Massive Intake
Kidney Failure
Adrenal Insufficiency
ICF-ECF
45
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
Muscle weakness (Cramping)
46
ECG changes
Peak T-waves
Hyperkalemia
47
Cause Diarrhea
Low serum of K
Hypokalemia
48
Associated with K loss in the kidney or gastrointestinal tracts
Metabolic Alkalosis
49
Mg Deficiency
Hypokalemia
50
Symptoms of Hypokalemia
Weakness, fatigue
Decreased muscle tone, leg cramps
Cardia changes
50
Calcium
Ca++
51
T wave inversion
ST depression
Prominent U wave
Hypokalemia
52
Normal Range
9-11 mg/dL
53
How many percent bound to protein albumin
50%
54
99% of Calcium can be found in
Bones
55
Inverse relationship with
PO4
56
Low Protein
Hard to absorb Ca
57
Blocks Na transport and stabilize cell membrane
Plays a role in clotting (Prothrombin)
Ca
58
High Ca
Low Ca
Low P
High P
59
Ca balance is controlled by
PTH
Thyroid Calcitonin
GI absorption: Vit D (Calcitriol)
59
Too much Na
Eat Ca
60
Calcium need to be regulated in the
GI Tract
Blood
Bones
61
It helps increase in Ca reabsorption into the bone with the mobilization of osteoclast through negative feedback mechanism
PTH
62
Produce by the thyroid gland helps in bone deposition to resolve too much Ca in the bloodstream by using osteoblast
Calcitonin
63
Allows the absorption of Ca
Vit D Calcitriol
64
Ca is poorly absorbed
GI Tract
65
Strengthen bones and teeth
Promotes absorption of B12
Transmission of nerve impulses
Myocardial contractions
Muscle contractions
Ca++
66
Promotes coagulation
Convert prothombin to thrombin
67
Foods rich in Ca
Dairy Products
Vegetables
Soy Beans
68
Increased level of Ca in the blood
Hypercalcemia
69
Disease of Hypercalcemia
Multiple Myeloma
Prolonged Immobility
Hyperparathyroidism
OD of Vit D
70
Decreased pH increased ionized Ca
Acidosis
71
Shortened ST segment
shortened QR
Hypercalcemia
72
Weakness, lethargy, forgetful, confusion
Hypercalcemia
72
Low serum Ca level
Hypocalcemia
73
Disease state
Kidney Failure
Decreased production of PTH
Acute Pancreatitis
Multiple blood transfusion
Alkalosis
Abuse Diuretics
74
Symptom of Hypocalcemia
Hyrreflexia
75
Tap the face and observe twitching
Chvostek's sign
76
Observe Carpal spasm
As you inflate BP cuff
Above systolic pressure
Trousseau's sign
77
Elongation of ST segment
Prolonged QT interval
Ventricular TachycardiA
Hypocalcemia
78
Phosphate
PO4
78
Normal Value
2.8-4.5 mg/dL
79
Intracellular fluid anion
Deposited within bones and teeth
Phosphate
80
Phosphate is essential to
Muscles, RBC
81
Phosphate excretion
Kidney
82
Involved in acid-base buffer system,
Involved in metabolism of CHO, fats and CHON
PO4---
83
Phosphate reciprocal relationship with
Ca
84
Low kidney Function
Not much excrete P
85
Foods rich in P
Liver
Sardines
Sausage
Egg
86
High serums of PO4
Hyperphosphatemia
87
Disease state
Kidney Failure
Chemotherapy
Excessive intake of dairy products and Vit D
Hypoparathyroidism
88
Hyperphosphatemia is accompanied by
Hypocalcemia
89
Low serums of PO4
Hypophophatemia
90
Disease
Malnutrition
Alcohol withdrawal
91
Chloride
Cl
92
Normal Level
97-107 mEq/L
92
Major ECE anion and assist in determining osmotic pressure
Cl
93
It reflects change in osmolality and dilution or concentration level of ECF
Na and CL
93
Cl are found mainly in
Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Fluid compartments
94
Produce by the stomach where it come with H ion to form
HCl
95
Also contained in pancreatic juices, sweat, saliva, bile
HCl
95
Low salt intake causes Vomiting
Hypochloremia
96
Inverse relationship with Cl
Bicarbonate HCO3
96
Manifestation of Hypochloremia
Signs of Metabolic Alkalosis (elevated pH and high serum HCO3)
ABG- paCo2 may increase to 50 mm HG
97
Low Cl parallels to
Na level
98
Near drowning
too much salt
Hyperchloremia
99
Occurs with?
Hypernatremia
Loss of HCO3
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
100
Magnesium
Mg++
101
Most abundant ICF cation next to K
Magnesium
102
Normal Level of Mg
1.3-2.3 mEq/L
103
50-60% contained in
Bone
104
Coenzyme in metabolism of protein and carbs
Factors that regulate calcium balance appear
Predominantly found in bone and soft tissue
Mg
105
1/3 of Mg
Protein Albumin
105
Activator for many enzyme systems, CHO, CHON
Mg
105
Absorption from
Small distal bowel
106
Excretion vis
Kidney
107
Mg acts directly on
Myoneural JunctioN
108
Mg imbalance affect
Neuromuscular irritability and contractility
109
What Mg produces at the neuromuscular junction
Sedative Effect
109
Low serum of Mg
Hypomagnesemia
110
Affects cardiovascular systen
Peripheral vasodilation of arteries and arterioles
111
ETOH withdrawal
GI losses
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Deficient TPN and enteral therapy
Hypomagnesemia
112
Kidney Failure
High Mg
Addison's disease
Hypermagnesemia
113
Prolonged fasting or starvation
Chronic Alcoholiusm
Diuretics
Hypo
114
Occurs concurrently with increased K and Ca
Low bp
Facial flushing
Hyporeflexia of DTR
Hypermagnesemia
114
Foundation of body building minerals
H
115
Formation of fragile bonds important to maintain structure of protein molecules
H
115
Weak bonds
Forms a bridge between Nitrogen and Oxygen
Hydrogen
116
Sour taste
Burns
Protein donor
Substance thar can release H ions in detectable amount
Acid
116
Bitter taste
Feels slippery to touch
Proton acceptors
Hydroxide is the most common inorganic base
Base OH
117
Prevent major change in pH by removing or releasing H ion
Buffer SYstem
118
Increase H
Acidity
119
Decrease H
Alkalinity
120
Extracellular buffer system
Bicarbonate
Monohydrogen-dihydrogen phosphate
Intracellular Proteins
Plasma Proteins
RBC and Hb
121
Produced by protein metabolism
Sulfuric Acid and Phosphoric Acid
122
Produced by incomplete lipid metabolism
Keto Acid
123
Produced by anaerobic CHO metabolism
Lactic Acid
124
3 Principal buffers in Kidney
Bicarbonate HCO3
Ammonia NH3
Phosphate PO4
125
Combines with H to form the non-reabsorbable NH4 and combine with CL
Ammonia
125
From hydrolysis reaction, CO2 is reabsorbed into the blood for excretion by the lungs and H2O to be eliminated by the kidneys
Bicarbonate
126
Presence in the filtrate, exchange H ion and is excreted in the urine whereas HCO3 enter the blood
Phosphate
127
ratio of CO2 to HCO3
1:20
128
>7.45
Alkalosis
129
<7.35
Acidosis
129
<6.8/ >7.8
Death
130
Eliminates Co2
Medulla controls breathing
Responds within minutes/hours to changed in acid/base
Increased respiration
Respiratory System
131
Eliminates H and reabsorbs HCO3
Reabsorption and secretions of electrolytes
Responds within hours to days
Renal System
132
Imbalances occur when
Compensatory Mechanism fail
132
Imbalances of Respiratory
Affect Carbonic Acid Concentration
