RENAL SYSTEM Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
What system that has arteries and veins, arterioles and venules
A
Vascular System
2
Q
Smaller arteries
A
Arterioles
3
Q
Smaller veins
A
Venules
4
Q
Clear part of the blood
A
Plasma
5
Q
Obtained when blood is separated in the laboratory
A
Serum
6
Q
Component of the blood with the plasma
A
Whole blood
7
Q
Composed of red cell, white cells, platelets
A
Blood
8
Q
It is behind the abdomen and size of fist
A
Kidney
9
Q
Large vessel and major artery
A
Aorta
10
Q
Major vein in abdomen that is connected to kidney and artery
A
Inferior vena cava
11
Q
It is the 2 tubules that connects kidney to urinary bladder
A
Ureter
12
Q
Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
A
Nephron
13
Q
Remove waste and toxic substance in the blood
A
Excretory Organs
14
Q
What organ is excretory organ
A
Kidney
15
Q
Metabolic by product of cells and substances
A
Waste and Toxic
16
Q
Breakdown of Carbohydrates
A
Lactic Acid
17
Q
Breakdown of Fats
A
Keto Acid
18
Q
Breakdown of protein
A
Urea, Nitrogen, Amino, Sulfur
19
Q
Breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fiber
A
Creatinine
20
Q
By produce of proteins and amino acids
A
Ammonia (NH3)
21
Q
Breakdown of Hemoglobin
A
Bilirubin
22
Q
Where can we find hemoglobin that gives tint
A
Liver
23
Q
Breakdown of nucleic acid (animal protein)
A
Uric Acid
24
Q
Where can we find high uric acid
A
Dark Meat and Bangus
25
What are the excretions of metabolic waste
Creatinine, Urea, Ammonia, Bilirubin, Uric Acid
26
What kidney regulates?
Blood volume and Blood pressure
27
What is the extracellular fluid volume or the hormone that regulates blood plasma?
Renin
28
What is a urine concentration
Osmolality
29
How blood volume and pressure are controlled
By extracellular fluid volume and urine concentration
30
It is the reading came from the heart
Blood pressure
31
How regulation is accomplished
Kidney
32
What are also regulates in the blood plasma to know how much to keep or get rid of?
Solute and Ions
33
What are the solutes and ions in the kidney
Glucose
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chloride (Cl)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Phosphate (HPO4
Calcium (Ca)
34
What also regulates in body fluid
pH
35
2 Kinds of pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
36
Alkaline part of kidney
Bicarbonate
37
Regulator of the red blood cells synthesis
Erythropoietin
38
Where RBC are produced
Bone marrow
39
What organs responsible for maintaining pH
Lungs and Kidneys
40
What vitamins are synthesis by the kidney
Vitamin D/ Vitamin D3
41
Active form of Vitamin D or it convert Vit D to?
Calcitriol/ Dihydrocholecalciferol
42
Is breastmilk has Vit D.?
No
43
It is needed for development of the child
CalciuM
44
It helps immune system
Vitamin D.
45
Absorption of Calcium
Calcitriol
46
Other word for Kidney
Renal (Latin)
47
What shape is kidney
Bean shaped
48
It holds kidney in place
Adipose (fat tissue)
49
What is the angle where kidney can be found
Costovertebral angle
50
What ribs
12th rib and 1st 3 lumbar spine
51
What is behind the peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
52
What is more lower, right or left
Right Kidney
53
Superior pole of each kidney
Adrenal Gland
54
What cavity is kidney located
Abdominal Cavity
55
It is the structure that is connective tissue (fibrous) where it surrounds and protects the kidney
Renal Capsule
56
It is also known as indention
Hilum
57
Medial indention on each side of the kidney where vessels or nerves enter or exit
Hilum
58
It is the same shape of kidney where they occur embryonically
Ears
59
Biggest transport area where urine collection begins
Calyx
60
Cup of a flower funnel shaped branch of the renal pelvis
Calyx
61
What are in the Hilum
Renal Sinus
Renal Pelvis
Calyx
62
Fat filled cavity which contains blood vessel
Renal Sinus
63
Wide section of urinary channel
Renal Pelvis
64
Inner kidney structure
Renal Parenchymal
65
Outer
Cortex
66
Inner
Medulla
67
Cone shaped section of tissue lying mostly in medulla
Renal Pyramids
68
Tip of the pyramid
Renal Papilla
69
It surrounds the pyramid
Calyx
70
Functional Unit of the Kidney; Greek for kidney
Nephron
71
Functions of the Kidney
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
72
From nephron transfer back to blood vessel
Reabsorption
73
From blood plasma to nephron
Secretion
74
Capillary bed= network of blood capillaries where filtration starts
Glomerulus
75
2 kind of arterioles
Afferent Arterioles
Efferent Arterioles
76
It delivers blood to the glomerulus
Afferent Pathway
77
It carries blood away from the glomerulus to the vascular system
Efferent Pathway
78
What do you call when blood plasma enter into the tubule
Filtrate
79
Part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus.
Bowmans Capsule
80
What returns back to Vascular
70% of water
Ions
Glucose (no sugar in urine)
81
A part of the Nephron in the kidneys, which helps to reabsorb water and salt from the kidney tubules.
Loop of Henle
82
2 Kinds of Loop of Henle
Descending Limb (thin segment)
Ascending Limb (thick segment; where most ions are exchanged)
83
Important in regulating blood pressure
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
84
How many nephron in each kidney
1.3 Million
85
How much of blood passes through the kidney 24 hrs
150 liters to 180 liters
86
Average urinary output
1.0 L to 1.8 L
87
Loops of henle do not deep into the medulla (80-85% of Nephron)
Cortical Nephrons
88
Loops of Henle extend deep into the medulla (15-25% of Nephron)
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
89
Branch of the Aorta
Renal Artery
90
Branch of inferior vena cava
Renal Vein
91
Originates from the renal artery
Peritubular Capillaries
92
Connects to renal vein
Vasa recta
93
4 Pathways of Artery
Renal Artery
Lobar Artery
Arcuate Artery
Interlobular Artery
94
5 Component of a nephron
Renal Corpuscles
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Ducts
95
Tiny Body
Renal Corpuscles
96
2 Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman's Capsule
97
(Ball of yarn) Tufts of capillaries
Glomerulus
98
Arteriole blood goes in for filtration (INFLOW OF BLOOD)
Afferent Arterioles
99
Arteriole blood goes out to supply the blood circulation of the nephron (OUTFLOW OF BLOOD)
Efferent Arterioles
100
Double walled chamber (3 Filtration Membrane)
Bowman's Capsule
101
3 Layers of Filtration Membrane
Podocyte Cell Processes
Basement Membrane
Capillary Endothelium
102
where glomerulus is separated from the bowman's capsule
Capillary Endothelium
103
First layer of bowman's capsule where it has own pores
Basement Membrane
104
Elephant Feet
Podocytes
105
It can't pass or not filtered and goes back through efferent pathway
Blood cells and Protein
106
What it filtrates
Toxic waste
Glucose
Ion
107
2 Toxic Waste
Urea
Creatinine
108
Carries fluid away from the capsule
Proximal Tubule
109
How many percent of water goes back to the circulation in reabsorption
70%
110
What is now fluid called
Filtrate Fluid
111
Fluid that passes across the filtration membrane
Filtrate
112
Reabsorption of ions
Loop of Henle
113
Downward tube and is permeable to water
Descending Limb
114
Upward Tube and is permeable to solutes (K and Na)
Ascending limb
115
Reabsorption of water (20-25%) and Secretion of Renin
Distal Convoluted Tubules
116
Secretion of Renin (RAAS)
Distal Convoluted Tubule
117
Where renin can be found
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
118
Consist of cells from the wall of the afferent arteriole and the distal tubule;
Junction of the secretion of Renin
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
119
What can be found in the liver
Angiotensinogen
120
What is release from kidney
Renin
121
Renin act on angiotensinogen where drop in blood pressure and fluid volume to form
Angiotensin 1
122
What is release from lungs
ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme)
123
ACE acts on angiotensin 1 to form
Angiotensin II
124
It acts directly on blood vessels, stimulating vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II
125
Angiotensin II act on the adrenal gland to stimulate release of?
Aldosterone
126
Acts on kidney to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water
Aldosterone
127
Aminopeptidase A acts on Angiotensin II to form
Angiotensin III
128
Results
Increased sympathetic outflow
Aldosterone synthesis
Increased catecholamine released
Sodium retention
Anti-diuretic hormone release
Vasoconstriction
129
What system
Renin-angiotensin System
130
Excessive urine production
Diuresis
131
Prevents making too much urine
Anti-Diuretic hormone
132
Vasoconstriction where blood pressure increased
Vasopressin
133
2 Natriuretic Horomone
Atrial NH
Brain NH
134
Carries fluid from the cortex through the medulla;
Responsible for regulation and concentration of urine through the action of ADH
Collecting Ducts
135
Filtrate is now called
Urine
136
Collecting Ducts reabsorption
Water (5-10%) goes back to circulation
137
Regulates water excretion
Secretion of ADH
138
Regulates urine/blood osmolality & pH
Secretion of Ions (Hydrogen and Amonium
139
Urine Production
Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Na, K, HCO3, Hydrogen
140
Three process in urine formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
141
Formation of Filtrate
Filtration
142
Movement of substance across the filtration membrane into the bowman's capsule to form filtrate
Filtration
143
Solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron into the interstitial fluid by transport process
Reabsorption
144
Solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron into the filtrate
Secretion
145
Filtration Pressure
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
Capsular Pressure
Colloidal Oncotic Pressure
146
Pressure within the glomerulus
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
147
Pressure inside the bowman's capsule
Capsular Pressure
148
Pressure produced by the blood protein
Colloidal Oncotic Pressure
149
Back to plasma
Reabsorption
150
How many percent of filtrate is reabsorbed
99%
151
What process are used in reabsorption
Transport Process (Active Transport (Na&H) and Cotransport (K&Cl))
152
Water and solutes pass from interstitial fluid into the peritubular capillaries
Osmosis
153
Primary site of reabsorption of solutes and water (65-70%)
Proximal Tubules
154
Further concentrates the filtrate (15%)
Descending Limb
155
Dilute the filtrate by removing solutes
Ascending Limb
156
Removes more water and solutes (19%)
Distal Tubules
157
How many percent left as urine
1%
158
Water moves out of nephron
Osmosis
159
Solutes move into nephron
Diffusion
160
What are secreted in active transport
H, K , Creatinine, Histamine
161
What are secreted in Passive Transport
NH3
162
Urine has 0
Protein and Glucose
163
Small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
Ureters
164
Hollow muscular container that stores urine and can hold max 1L of urine
Urinary Bladder
165
Continent that has ability to hold urine
Sphincter
166
What female uses more
External Urethral Office
167
What male uses more
Internal Urethral Sphincter
168
Tube that exits the bladder carries urine from bladder to the outside
Urethra
169
Not well defined in women and under involuntary control in men; contracts during ejaculation to prevent urine flow
Internal Sphincter
170
Voluntary control; controls flow of urine through urethra
External Sphincter
171
Triangle shaped muscle located between the opening of the ureter and the urethra
Trigone
172
Layers of Urinary Bladder Wall
1. Connective Tissue
2. Detrussor
3. Connective Tissue
4. Transitional Epithelium
173
Smooth Muscle Layer
Detrussor
174
Inner layer in contact with urine
Transitional Epithelium
175
Mechanism of micturition reflex
Involuntary reflex
176
Urine stretch the bladder wall ___
300-500ml
177
Produce by the stretch receptors are carried along the sacral region
Action Potential
178
Action Potential are carried by _____ and stimulates muscle contraction of the bladder and relaxation of urethral sphincter
Parasympathetic Nerves
179
Action Potential sends sensory impulse to the ___ and communicates to ___
Pons
Cortex
180
Keeps the sphincter close to delay voiding
Inhibitory signals
181
Decreased action potentials carried by _____ cause the external urinary sphincter to relax and allow urination
Somatic Motor Nerves
182
What is the color of urine
Clear Pale Yellow
183
A pigment metabolite coming from destroyed hemoglobin (via Bilirubin)
Urochrome
184
It is slightly aromatic and bacterial action gives out ammonia like odor when left standing
Normal Urine Odor
185
Normal Urine pH
4.5-8
186
Average ph
6 Acidic
187
High protein foods such as meat egg cheese and whole wheat
Acid Ash
188
Vegetarian Diet
Alkaline Ash
189
What is normal range between urine specific gravity
1.001 - 1.03
190
An increase in urine specific gravity indicates
Dehydration
191
Normal Constitute of Urine
Water
Urea
Ions Na, K, PO4 AND SO4
Creatinine and Uric Acid
Small amounts of Ca, Mg and HCO3
192
Abnormal Constitute
Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, rbc,hb, nitrites, bile pigments, wbc, cast
193
Common unorganized segment
Uric Acid Crystals and Calcium Oxalate Crystal
194
Common organized segment
Squamous Epithelial cell
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