Electrolytes and INSTRUMENTATION

Question 1

Function of ADH/AVP

Answer 1

Stimulates water reabsorption

Question 2

Function of ANP

Answer 2

Promotes sodium excretion; counteracts aldosterone

Question 3

Stimulus for RAAS activation

Answer 3

Decreased plasma sodium or decreased blood pressure

Question 4

Sequence of RAAS activation

Answer 4

Angiotensinogen → Renin → Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone release

Question 5

Effect of Angiotensin II

Answer 5

Vasodilation of afferent arterioles, vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles, sodium reabsorption in PCT

Question 6

Effect of Aldosterone release

Answer 6

Increased sodium reabsorption in DCT, increased potassium excretion

Question 7

Site of Aldosterone release

Answer 7

Adrenal cortex

Question 8

Electrolytes for volume and osmotic regulation

Answer 8

Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K)

Question 9

Electrolytes for myocardial rhythm and neuromuscular excitability

Answer 9

Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca)

Question 10

Electrolytes as enzyme cofactors

Answer 10

Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Zinc (Zn), Chloride (Cl)

Question 11

Electrolyte regulating ATPase-ion pumps

Answer 11

Magnesium (Mg)

Question 12

Electrolytes involved in blood coagulation

Answer 12

Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg)

Question 13

Electrolytes for ATP production and glucose metabolism

Answer 13

Magnesium (Mg), Phosphate (Phos)

Question 14

Electrolytes for acid-base balance maintenance

Answer 14

Bicarbonate (HCO3), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K)

Question 15

Technique used to measure light emitted by atoms following excitation by heat energy

Answer 15

Flame photometry

Question 16

Elements traditionally determined by flame photometry

Answer 16

Na, K, Li

Question 17

Internal standard for Na and K in flame photometry

Answer 17

Lithium

Question 18

Internal standard for Lithium in flame photometry

Answer 18

Cesium

Question 19

Technique used to measure the amount of light absorbed by ground state atoms

Answer 19

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Question 20

Light source used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Answer 20

Hollow cathode lamp

Question 21

Reference cations for atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Answer 21

Ca, Mg

Question 22

Technique used to measure electrical potential due to the activity of free ions

Answer 22

Potentiometry

Question 23

Components of a pH electrode

Answer 23

H+-sensitive glass electrode containing Ag/AgCl (silver-silver chloride) wire in electrolyte of known pH and reference electrode (Hg/Hg2Cl2)

Question 24

Reference method for pH electrode

Answer 24

silver-silver chloride ( Hg/HgCl mercury chloride)

Question 25

Electrode used to measure pCO2

Answer 25

Severinghaus electrode (pCO2 electrode)

Question 26

Type of membrane used in severinghaus electrode

Answer 26

Membrane permeable to CO2

Question 27

Buffer used in severinghaus electrode

Answer 27

Bicarbonate buffer

Question 28

Types of electrolytes measured by ion-selective electrodes

Answer 28

Na, K, Cl, ionized Ca

Question 29

Technique used to measure the amount of electricity in coulombs at a fixed potential

Answer 29

Coulometry (Faraday's law)

Question 30

Instrument used in serum and sweat chloride analysis

Answer 30

Cotlove chloridometer

Question 31

Measurement technique used in Cotlove chloridometer

Answer 31

Amperometry (measuring increase in conductivity)

Question 32

Interferences in Cotlove chloridometer measurement

Answer 32

Bromide, cyanide, cystine

Question 33

Technique used to measure the current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction

Answer 33

Amperometry

Question 34

Electrode used to measure pO2

Answer 34

pO2 electrode (Clark electrode)

Question 35

Components of pO2 electrode

Answer 35

Platinum cathode and Ag/AgCl anode covered with gas-permeable membrane

Question 36

Function of gas-permeable membrane in pO2 electrode

Answer 36

Allows dissolved O2 to pass through

Question 37

Technique used to measure current produced at gradually increasing voltage between two electrodes

Answer 37

Polarography

Question 38

Measurement in anodic stripping voltammetry

Answer 38

Current flow as a metal is stripped off the anode of a polarographic cell

Question 39

Common applications of anodic stripping voltammetry

Answer 39

Lead and iron testing

Question 40

Technique used to measure **osmolality indirectly**

Answer 40

Osmometry

Question 41

Property measured in osmometers

Answer 41

Colligative properties of solution

Question 42

Effect on boiling point with 1 mole of solute

Answer 42

Increased by 0.52°C

Question 43

Effect on osmotic pressure with 1 mole of solute

Answer 43

Increased by 1.7 x 10^9 mmHg

Question 44

Effect on freezing point with 1 mole of solute

Answer 44

Decreased by 1.86°C (most commonly used freezing point osmometer)

Question 45

Effect on vapor pressure with 1 mole of solute

Answer 45

Decreased by 0.3 mmHg at 25°C

Question 46

Effect of colligative properties on osmolality

Answer 46

Increased osmolality