Electrolytes, Fluids, Acid-Base Balance, pH Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

Why must pH be regulated

A

allow for proper functioning of proteins and biochemical processes

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2
Q

What is the normal range for pH? For arterial blood, venous blood/ interstitial fluid, ICF

A

Arterial blood: 7.4
Venous Blood and interstitial fluid: 7.35
ICF: 6.8 ( can go up to 7.4)

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3
Q

Define alkalosis

A

pH > 7.45

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4
Q

Define acidosis

A

pH < 7.35

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5
Q

What leads to more acidic blood and what produces it

A

more hydrogen ions in the blood

produced from: lactic acid, phosphoric acid, fatty acid and ketone bodies, glucose, hydrogen ion( protons)

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6
Q

What does each system have?

A

a weak acid and a weak base

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7
Q

What does the weak acid do? what are examples of a weak acid?

A

weak acid will help neutralize the strong base that enters the blood
ex: -OH (hydroxyl) NaOH

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8
Q

What does the weak base do? What are examples of week bases?

A

weak base neutralize the strong acid that enter the blood

ex: -H( hydrogen) HCL

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9
Q

How does the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system work?

A

Weak Base: NaHCO3
Weak Acid: H2CO3
NaHCO3 will neutralize strong acids and become H2CO3
H2CO3 will neutralize strong bases and become NaHCO3

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10
Q

Where is the bicarbonate-carbonic buffer system used

A

buffer for urine and ICF

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11
Q

Describe the phosphate buffer system

A

Weak base we produce: NaHPO4 (2-)
Weak acid we produce: NaH2PO4 (-)

NaHPO4 ( 2-) will neutralize strong acids and become NaH2PO4 (-)
nAh2po4 (-) will neutralize strong bases and become NaHPO4 (2-)

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12
Q

What is the phosphate buffer system a buffer for?

A

blood

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13
Q

Define the protein buffer system

A

protein contain positively charged amino acids and negatively charged amino acids
amino acids will neutralize the acids and bases

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14
Q

What is the protein buffer system for?

A

buffers cytosol

66% buffering mechanism in the blood

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15
Q

Define Hypercapnia and what causes it

A

elevated levels of CO2 in the blood
results of respiratory failures
reduced breathing

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16
Q

Define hypocapnia

A

very low levels of CO2 in the blood

hyperventilation

17
Q

What is the order of balancing pH in the blood ( fastest to slowest)

A

1) Chemical buffers: buffers in th blood ( seconds)
2) Respiration: exhale CO2 ( minutes)
3) Renal System: excrete H+ ( hrs to days)

18
Q

What are two things that decrease the percentage of body water

A

increase in fat content and bone mass

aging

19
Q

How many liters of water does the body contain

A

40 L with solutes

20
Q

What is the fluid amount with the extracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid

A

extracellular fluid: 1/3 of all fluids
plasma: 3 L
interestitial fluid ( space between cells): 12 L * include eye fluids, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gi fluid*
intracellular fluid( within cells): 2/3 of fluid

21
Q

What are nonelectrolytes

A

mostly organic molecules
do not break apart in water ( dissociate)
no cahrge particles created
i.e glucose, lipids

22
Q

What are electrolytes

A

mostly inorganic
dissociate into ions in water
electrical currents in water created from the charged particles
i.e inorganic salts ( NaCl), acids and bases, some proteins

23
Q

What electrolytes are major and low in extracellular fluids

A

major: Na and Cl
low: K, HPO4 (2-)

24
Q

What electrolytes are major and low in the intracellular fluids

A

major: K and HPO4
low: Na and Cl

25
Define electrolyte balance
usually only referencing salt balance because salt is important for cellular activity ex: excitability in neurona,osmosis, secretions from cells etc
26
Define hypernatremia and symptoms
high concentration of sodium in the blood | thirst, muscle twitching, weakness, nausea
27
Define hyponatremia
low concentration of sodium in the blood | confusion, headaches, reduced thinking, coma ( severe)
28
What is potassium important for
for neurons and cardiac muscle cell excitability
29
Define hyperkalemia and the effect
high levels of K+ in the ECF | decreased excitability in neurons and muscles
30
Define hypokalemia and the effect
low levels of K+ in the ECF inability for neurons to get excited can lead to death ( heart can't pump)
31
Where is calcium stored and why is it important in the ECF
99% of calcium in the bones | important for blood clotting, permability of cell membrane,secretion, exciting skeletal muscles to contract
32
Define hypocalcemia and what is the effect
calcium too low | greater excitation and muscle spasms
33
Define hypercalcemia and its effect
calcium too high | stops neurons and muscle, heart arrhythmias
34
How does estrogen effect ion reaborption
estrogen cause increase in salt ( Na and Cl) reabsorption | causes higher water retention while on birth control, menstrual cycles and pregnancy
35
How does progesterone effect ions in reabsorption
progesterone causes decrease in sodium reabsorption | promotes sodium and water loss
36
What is the role of sodium
most abundant cation in ECF causes significant osmotic pressure control ECF and water distribution changes in sodium levels changes in plasma volume, blood pressure leaks into cells and then pumped out moves back and forth between ECF and body secretions ( digestive secretions)