Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation - Part 1 Flashcards
After glycolysis and the CAC, how many net ATP were generated?
2 from glycolysis
2 from CAC (2 GTP)
Formation of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate in the GAPDH reaction and transfer of an inorganic phosphate to ADP to generate ATP is an example of what?
What is another example?
Subsrate-level phosphorylation
Formation of GTP duing succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction of the CAC
Up to the CAC, how many molecules of oxygen have been used thus far?
0
What were the oxidizing agents up to the ETC?
FAD and NAD+
How is the energy conserved in oxidative phosphorylation?
Conserved in the form of a proton gradient
In oxidative phosphorylation, ________ from NADH and FADH2 are transported to the ultimate electron acceptor, ________ via various protein-bound _______ centers present in the _______ mitochondrial membrane, and the energy of the _______ _______ is used to drive synthesis of ATP by the _________ system.
electrons oxygen (O2) redox inner proton gradient ATPase
What is the total practical amount of ATP generate by oxidative phosphorylation; by substrate level phosphorylation; in total, from one mole of glucose?
28
4
32
In most aerobic organisms, the ________ is the major site of the reactions of ____, ____ and ____ generation through ETC and oxidative phosphorylation.
mitochondria
PDC, CAC, ATP
The mitochondria is an independent structure with ____ membranes.
The ______ membrane is permeable to _____ and ______.
The ______ membrane is _______ inside and it is very strictly regulated. No ____ or _____ can cross unless aided by pumps or transport.
2 outer salts and water inner convoluted ions or water
What is the material between the inner and outer layers called?
Intermembrane space
Why is the inner membrane convoluted?
increase surface area
The matrix of the mitochondria contains all the enzymes required for ____, ____, ____ ____ _____, _____ _____ ____, ATP and ADP also present.
PDC
CAC
FA oxidation
AA oxidation
If the mitochondria leaks out, what occurs?
Pro-apoptotic proteins are released promoting cell death.
NADH and FADH2 have _____ reduction potentials.
low
The half reactions of NADH and FADH2 are ____.
The half reactions of oxygen is very ____.
The difference in reduction potentials is thus _____.
low
high
high (1.13V)
Why are the standard reduction potentials different in the different cytochromes?
All have iron but different electron densities in the proteins surrounding them, changing their ability to accept or lose electrons.
Virtually all the complexes of the ETC and OP are located where?
IMM
inner mitochondrial membrane
In complex 1, ______ is oxidized to ______ whereby _______ ___ accepts the electrons.
NADH
NAD+
coenzyme q10 (CoQ10)
How many protons get pumped out by the reaction in complex 1?
4
What is the enzyme for complex 2? Where else does it function?
Succinate DH
also used in the CAC
What is the reaction of complex 2?
Takes electrons from FADH2 and transfers them to Coq10.
No protons are pumped out but, the reaction is still exergonic
In complex 3, electrons from ______ are transferred to _________ _.
This results in ____ protons being pumped out.
coq10
cytochrome c
4
Complex 4 takes electrons ___ at a time from cytochrome c which are eventually transferred to oxygen to make _____.
Two electrons are needed to convert 1 oxygen _____ to ______.
This energy is sufficient to pump out ___ protons.
1 water atom water 2
When 1 NADH is oxidized, this leads to pumping of ____ protons.
10
