Element 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Identify the typical forms of ill health associated with poor work design?
A
- Back injuries and back pain.
- Work Related Upper Limb Disorders.
- Other chronic soft tissue injuries.
Collectively, all of these conditions can be referred to as MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDs).
2
Q
List some repetitive activities which give rise to a higher risk of MSD?
A
- Display Screen Equipment (DSE) use.
- Factory assembly of small components.
- Supermarket checkout operation.
- Bricklaying.
3
Q
Define “Ergonomics”?
A
The study of the relationship between the worker, the work that they are doing, and the environment in which they are doing it.
4
Q
Ergonomics is concerned with the interaction of people with…..?
A
- Tools, equipment or machinery.
- The workplace environment (lighting, etc).
- Organisational factors (shift patterns or hours of work).
5
Q
What is the aim of Ergonomics?
A
- To minimise ill health.
- Optimise efficiency.
- Adapt the workplace to suit the individual.
- Take into account a persons physical attributes.
- Take into account a persons mental attributes.
6
Q
Outline the ill health effects of poor task and workstation design?
A
- Fatigue or strain on the eyes from excessive glare, poor lighting, screen flicker, etc.
- Headaches from excessive glare, noise, poor lighting, etc.
- General fatigue due to temperature difference, humidity, monotony, poorly placed controls or difficult to read displays.
- Aches and pains, muscle strains from over reaching, continually getting up and down, turning, twisting, etc. Poor positioning of key boards and display screens.
- Aches and pains from poor seating design and positioning in relation to workstation items and tasks.
7
Q
Identify the Ergonomic factors that influence risk, which relate to the Task?
A
- Repetition.
- Force.
- Posture.
- Twisting.
- Rest.
8
Q
Identify the Ergonomic factors that influence risk, which relate to the Equipment?
A
- Equipment Design.
- Equipment Adjustability.
9
Q
Identify the Ergonomic factors that influence risk, which relate to the Environment?
A
- Lighting.
- Other environmental parameters.
10
Q
Outline some control measures for Display Screen Equipment?
A
- Carry our a workstation assessment to ensure that the equipment and environment meets minimum standards, and that it can be adjusted to suit the user.
- Provide basic DSE equipment that meets good ergonomic design.
- Plan the users work routine: short, frequent breaks.
- Provide DSE users with free eye tests and specs.
- Provide information, instruction and training on the potential health risks of DSE. Educate on use of preventative measures.
11
Q
List some good ergonomics at a workstation?
A
- Adjustable height and angle seat back.
- Adjustable height seat.
- Good lumbar support.
- Foot support.
- Space for postural change.
- Screen height and tilt should be adjustable.
- Space in front of keyboard to support hands/wrists.
- Desk laid out to minimise the need for twisting/over reaching.
- A document holder may be required.
- A headset for the telephone.
- Workplace lighting.
12
Q
Identify the 4 main factors by which “Manual Handling” can be assessed?
A
- The Task
- The Individual Capabilities
- The Load
- The Environment
TILE
13
Q
List the common types of Manual Handling injury?
A
- Back injury
- Tendon and ligament injuries
- Muscle injuries
- Hernias
- WRULDs
- Cuts, burns, dislocation and broken bones
14
Q
Define Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?
A
Seeks to compare monetary value of benefits with the monetary value of costs.
15
Q
Define “Benefit”?
A
Anything that increases human well being.
16
Q
Define “Cost”?
A
Anything that decreases human well being.
17
Q
When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the TASK can be risk assessed?
A
- At what height is the load being picked up, carried or put down?
- Is the task very repetitive?
- Is a long carrying distance involved?
- Does the task involve stooping (bending back), to move the load?
- Does the task involve twisting?
- Can rest breaks be taken as the worker requires them?
- Does the task involve lifting the load through a vertical distance?
- Does the task involve reaching above shoulder height?
- Does the task involve the worker holding the load away from their torso?
18
Q
When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the LOAD can be risk assessed?
A
- How heavy is the load?
- How large and bulky is the load?
- How stable is the load?
- Where is the centre of gravity (C of G) of the load?
- Is the load difficult to grip?
- Is the load hot, sharp or otherwise hazardous?
19
Q
When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the ENVIRONMENT can be risk assessed?
A
- Are there restrictions on the space available?
- Is the floor surface slippery or uneven?
- Are there changes in the floor level (steps, stairs, etc)?
- What are the light levels like?
- What is the temperature and humidity?
20
Q
When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the INDIVIDUAL can be risk assessed?
A
- Does the activity require unusual ability (significant strength, stamina, size or technique)?
- Does the activity present significant risk to vulnerable individuals (pregnant women, or persons with pre-existing back injuries)?
21
Q
Outline the hierarchy of control when managing/minimising manual handling risks?
A
- Eliminate the manual handling.
- Assess the manual handling that cannot be eliminated.
- Use handling aids.
- Modify the task, load and environment.
- Ensure individual capabilities are matched to the activity.
22
Q
List some methods of eliminating manual handling?
A
- Use an automated or mechanised method.
- Conveyor belt systems.
- Forklift trucks.
- Electric pallet trucks.
- Cranes.
- Hoists.
23
Q
List some “Handling Aids”?
A
- Trolleys.
- Barrel lifts.
- Gin wheels.
- Trucks.
- Hoists.
- Lifts.
24
Q
Explain how a TASK could be modified?
A
- Frequent rest breaks.
- Job rotation.
- Change the layout of a workstation to eliminate stooping.
- Use a table or lift to bring the load to waist level (eliminates picking it up from the floor).
25
Explain how a LOAD could be modified?
- Break it down into smaller parts.
- Use several workers, rather than just one.
- Stabilise a load by putting it onto a container.
- Mark up a load with an off-centre C of G, so that workers can see where the C of G is.
- Attach handles to a load, making it easier to grasp.
26
Explain how an ENVIRONMENT could be modified?
- Re-arrange the workspace to allow more space for the handling activity.
- Level an uneven floor.
- Supply additional lighting in a poorly lit location.
27
Outline the most efficient movement principles?
BEFORE LIFTING:
- Check the weight, C of G and stability of the load.
- Plan the route of carry.
- Establish a firm grip.
DURING THE LIFT:
- Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift.
- Keep the back upright.
- Keep the load close to the body.
- Avoid twisting, over-reaching and jerking.
SETTING DOWN:
- Use the same principles as when lifting.
- Maintain good balance.
- Set the load down and then adjust it's position using body weight.
28
Outline the hazards associated with "Manually-Operated Load-Handling" equipment?
- Manual handling risk associated with pushing/pulling the truck.
- Instability of the load, causing it to fall.
- Moving up, down or across slopes, causing loss of control.
- Poor parking of the truck causing an obstruction in a traffic route.
- Pedestrians being struck during manoeuvring.
- Trapped feet under the wheels or when lowering the load.
- Entrapment of the person being handled.
29
List some precautions for safe use of manually operated equipment?
- Restrict use to trained workers only.
- Follow manufacturers recommendations.
- Avoid uneven ground or slopes.
- Use ramps over steps.
- Observe the safe working load limits of the truck.
- Secure the load if necessary.
- Use the brakes whenever the truck is stationary.
- Take care when moving or lowering the load.
- Safe parking and storage to avoid obstruction.
- Routine inspections and maintenance.
- Use safety shoes or boots to avoid crush injuries.
30
Identify some examples of "People Hoists" and/or "Handling Aids"?
- Patient hoists: care homes.
- Small handling aids: slide boards in hospitals.
- Wheel chairs.
31
Outline the general requirements for safe lifting operations?
- Equipment should be strong enough for the lifting task.
- Equipment should be stable and secure.
- Lifting equipment should be visibly marked with the Safe a Working Load (SWL).
- Lifting operations should be planned, carried out and supervised by competent persons.
- Equipment that is used to lift people must be subject to additional regulatory inspections.
32
List the hazards associated with forklift trucks?
- Overturning.
- Fall of the load.
- Striking of pedestrians.
- Fall or entrapment of a person riding on the forks.
- Fall from a loading dock.
33
Identify the different engine type and fuel of forklift trucks?
- Battery powered trucks.
- Diesel powered trucks.
- Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) trucks.
34
Explain the hazards associated with Battery powered forklift trucks?
- Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive.
- Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid which is corrosive.
- Batteries are extremely heavy and present a manual handling risk when changed.
- Electricity can cause arcing, shock, burns or fire.
- Battery contents are an environmental hazard requiring appropriate disposal.
35
Explain the hazards associated with Diesel powered forklift trucks?
- Dermatitis, caused by contact of diesel with the skin.
- Diesel spills are a significant slip hazard.
- Large spills which might pollute the environment.
- Exhaust fumes which are toxic.
- Hazards associated with bulk storage of diesel.
36
Explain the hazards associated with LPG powered forklift trucks?
- LPG is an explosive gas.
- Exhaust fumes are toxic.
- LPG cylinders are heavy and present a manual handling risk during changing.
- Hazards associate with storage of cylinders or bulk storage of LPG.
37
Outline the precautions for safe use of forklift trucks?
- Restrict use to trained operators only.
- Routine visual inspection of truck before use.
- Routine maintenance of the truck in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
- Never use the forklift truck to lift people, unless a proper working platform is attached.
- Ensure that the load on the forks is secure and stable.
- Ensure that the safe working load limits of the truck are not exceeded.
- Observe the site speed limits.
- Never travel with the forks raised.
- Never travel with obstructed vision.
38
Give some precautions that are required when operating Battery-powered trucks?
- Batteries charged in a well ventilated area, away from ignition sources.
- Sulphuric acid should only be handled when wearing appropriate PPE (gloves, apron, eye/face protection).
- Battery handling should be mechanised.
- The electrical risk may require the use of insulated tools and gloves.
39
Give some precautions that are required when operating Diesel-powered trucks?
- Should only be used in a well ventilated area.
- Spill kits should be available.
- Gloves should be worn when handling diesel.
40
Give some precautions that are required when operating LPG-powered trucks?
- Should only be used in well ventilated areas.
- LPG cylinder handling should be mechanised.
- Spare cylinders must be stored in a secure, safe, well ventilated location.
41
Identify the main hazards associated with hoists?
| Identify the additional hazards which exist, when the hoist is used to carry people?
- Falling objects.
- Being struck by the load during a lifting operation.
- Becoming entangled in moving parts.
ADDITIONAL HAZARDS:
- Falls from height.
- Being struck by landing levels, parts of any enclosure or other projections.
42
List the precautions for the safe use of hoists?
- Ensure it's suitable for it's intended use.
- Prevent people from getting underneath the hoist or lift platform during operation.
- Prevent people from getting access to an unprotected landing edge.
- Prevent people from getting struck whilst being carried on the lift platform: construct an enclosure around the lift platform.
- Observe the maximum safe working load of the lift or hoist.
- Ensure all safety devices are in full working order.
- Restrict use to only trained, competent people.
- Provide information, instruction and training.
- Routine maintenance by competent engineers.
- Routine inspection and thorough examination as required.
43
List the main hazards associated with Conveyors?
- Fingers drawn into moving parts (in-running nip points).
- Entanglement (loose clothing with rotating parts).
- Falling objects (overhead conveyor systems).
44
Identify precautions that can be taken to minimise risks associated with Conveyors?
- Warning alarms to tell you it's about to start.
- Guarding of moving parts to prevent entanglement.
- Emergency stop buttons and pull cords are fitted.
- Barriers to exclude people from area.
- Fitting of guards/nets underneath Conveyors to catch falling objects.
- Information , instruction and training in operation.
- Control of loose clothing and long hair in the workplace.
- Maintenance by authorised personnel.
- Provision of a defect reporting system.
45
Identify the main hazards associated with a mobile crane?
- Collapse or falling over.
- The arm/jib/boom striking other structures.
- Falling load.
- Load striking against other objects or people during movement.
- Contact with live overheads.
46
Outline factors that might make a mobile crane topple over?
- Overloading beyond it's lifting capacity.
- Siting the crane on uneven or unstable ground.
- Failure to use outriggers correctly.
- Using crane in high winds.
- Extending jib/boom too far for the weight being lifted.
- Structural failure of parts.
47
Outline the requirements for safe lifting operations?
- Ensure crane or lifting device is the correct type for the job/terrain.
- Ensure crane or lifting device is strong and stable.
- Ensure load is within the lifting capacity of the crane or device.
- Carefully site the crane on stable even ground, away from structures or overheads.
- Use outriggers correctly.
- Check the maintenance of the crane (in date certification).
- Restrict use of crane to trained, competent people.
- Ensure each lift is planned and supervised by a competent person.
- Provide a Banksman so that good communications and good visibility are maintained.
- Ensure safety devices are working correctly.
- Check the weather conditions and abide by manufacturers recommendations on wind speed.
- Use appropriate PPE.
- Use signs and barriers to warn and exclude people from the area.
48
Outline the legal requirements associated with lifting equipment (when should it be thoroughly examined)?
- Before it's first use.
- If the way it has been installed will make a difference to its strength and stability.
- Periodically: 12 months if it's not used to carry people, 6 months if it's used to carry people, 6 months for lifting accessories (chains, slings, etc).
- After an event that may have affected it's strength and stability.
49
What does WRULDs stand for?
Work Related Upper Limb Disorders
