ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Flashcards
1
Q
- Inflammable air
- Lightest element (1g/mol)
- Usually in combination with other elements
- Prep: ______ & _______ Process (99% pure H2O)
Industrial uses
* ________ → production of ammonia
- ________ → production of margarine
A
Lane & Messerschmidt
Haber process
Oil hydrogenation
HYDROGEN (H2)
2
Q
- ______ (earth, rock)
- Lightest metal
Use:
* Mood stabilizer (sedative); DOC for Mania (S/E: narrow TI)
- Diuretic (S/E: hypovolemia, hyponatremia)
- Li2CO3 capsules – ________
- Li2CO3 tablets – ________
- DOC for ________ (di binigay)
- Li2CO3 extended-release tablet – __________
A
Lithos - earth, rock
- Li2CO3 capsules – Eskalith®
- Li2CO3 tablets – Lithase®
- DOC for ________
- Li2CO3 extended-release tablet – Quilonium®
LITHIUM (Li)
3
Q
- Natrium (native)
- Cation of choice for organic material
- Most abundant _____
- Most abundant of the group IA metals
A
cation
SODIUM (Na)
4
Q
6 Important Compounds of Sodium
A
Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium citrate
Sodium hydroxide
5
Q
✓Diuretic
✓Urinary and systemic alkalizer
✓Antacid
A
sodium acetate
6
Q
✓Aka: baking soda
✓Systemic antacid
✓Carbonating agent
S/E:
✓Systemic alkalosis
✓Rebound hyperacidity
✓Edema
A
sodium bicarbonate
7
Q
- Antacid
- Source of carbonate ion
- Carbonating agent
A
sodium carbonate
8
Q
✓Aka: rock salt, table salt, soler salt
Use:
1. Electrolyte Replenisher: (NSS, Ringer’s soln)
2. Tonicity adjusting agent
3. Condiments
4. Preservative
A
sodium chloride
9
Q
Use:
1. Alkalizer
2. Buffer
3. Diuretic
4. Expectorant
5. Shorten the coagulation time
A
Sodium citrate
(Na3C6H5O7)
10
Q
✓Aka:
1. Caustic soda
2. Sosa
3. Lye
✓Use: Saponifying agent (_____ soap)
A
hard soap
Sodium hydroxide
11
Q
Aka: fleet enema
Uses:
1. cathartic
2. Source of P or phosphate
A
Na Dihydrogen phosphate / Monobasic hydrogen phosphate/ NaH2PO4
12
Q
- Water soluble antioxidant
- Reducing agent
A
Sodium metabisulfite
13
Q
Use: Anticariogenic (2% solution)
A
Sodium fluoride
14
Q
Use: Reducing agent
A
Sodium phosphite
15
Q
Aka: Dakin’s solution, chlorox
Use:
- Oxidizing agent
- Disinfectant
- Bleaching agent
A
Sodium hypochlorite
16
Q
Use:
- Expectorant
- Antifungal
- Iodine solubilizer
A
Sodium iodide
17
Q
Use:
- Antacid
- Diuretic
A
Sodium lactate
18
Q
Use:
- Vasodilator
- Meat preservation
- Treatment in cyanide poisoning
A
Sodium nitrite
19
Q
Aka: chile salt peter
Use: Meat preservative
A
Sodium nitrate
20
Q
Aka: Glauber’s salt
Use: Cathartic
A
Sodium sulfate
21
Q
Use: primary standard of KFR for water content determination
A
Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6 . 2H20)
22
Q
Use: hypotensive agent
A
Sodium thiocyanate
23
Q
Aka: hypochlor, photographer’s hypo
Use:
- Treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrite
- VS in iodometry and permanganometry
A
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
24
Q
- Kalium (Potash)
- Predominant _______
- Pcol action:
- Diuretic
- Important in muscle contraction
Deficiency:
* Hypokalemia
A
IC action
POTASSIUM (K)
25
7 Important Compounds of Potassium
1. Potassium acetate
2. Potassium bicarbonate
3. Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)
4. Potassium citrate
5. Potassium hydroxide
6. Potassium nitrate
7. Potassium permanganate
26
1. Antacid
2. Diuretic
3. Urinary and systemic alkalizer
Potassium acetate
27
1. Systemic antacid
2. Carbonating agent
3. Source of bicarbonate ion
Potassium bicarbonate
28
✓Aka: cream of tartar, creamor
✓Use: Laxative
Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)
29
1. Diuretic
2. Expectorant
3. Diaphoretic
Potassium citrate
30
✓Aka: caustic potash,
lye potash
✓Use: Saponifying agent (____ soap)
SOFT SOAP
Potassium hydroxide
31
✓Aka: salt peter, salitre, salt prunelle
✓Use:
1. Diuretic
2. Meat preservative
Potassium nitrate
32
✓Aka: ______________
✓Use:
1. Oxidizing agent
2. Antiseptic
3. VS in permanganometry
mineral chameleon
Potassium permanganate
33
Use: cathartic
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
34
- rochelle salt
- sal signette
Use:
- cathartic
- sequestering agent
Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6)
35
Use: hypotensive agent
Potassium thiocyanate
36
- Aka: sulfurated potash, liver of sulfur
- Mixture of K sulfide and K thiosulfate
K2Sx.K2S2O3
potassium thiosulfate
37
Aka: potash, pearl ash
Use:
- Antacid
- Carbonating agent
- Carbonate source
Potassium carbonate
38
Use: Oxidizing agent
Component in: toothpaste, gargle
and mouthwash
Potassium chlorate
39
Use: Electrolyte replenisher
Note: SLOW push
Potassium chloride
40
* Catalyst in the polymerization of resin-forming materials (polymerization-different forms of a substance)
CESIUM (Cs)
41
* Weak base
* Hypothetical/pseudoalkali metal
* Pharmacological use: diuretic, expectorant, buffer component
* Prepared by __________
* Ammonia, NH3 = _________
* ___________ solution; __________ = neutralize insect/jellyfish stings
haber process
respiratory stimulant (pungent odor)
Dilute ammonia solution; ammonia water
AMMONIUM (NH4+)
42
GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS
Cu, Au, Ag
43
* __________
* Only reddish-colored metal
* Only metal used in water purification
ALLOYS:
* ______ (Tin and Copper)
* ______ (Copper and Zinc)
* Salts generally blue in color
* (+) __________ (respiratory pigment)
* ____________ (FeCu, involved in biotransformation of drugs)
* Protein precipitant (heavy metal)
* Enhances physiologic utilization of ___
Cuprum
* Bronze (Tin and Copper)
* Brass (Copper and Zinc)
Hemocyanin
Cytochrome oxidase
Fe
COPPER (Cu)
44
* Toxicity:
* ___________ disease
* Increase copper levels in the brain, liver, kidneys, and cornea
Signs and symptoms
* Bronze-like skin
* Hepatic cirrhosis
* Jaundice
* Bloating
* Brain damage
* Demyelination
* Kidney effects
Wilson disease
COPPER (Cu)
45
Important compound of copper:
✓Aka: __________
✓Use: Component of benedict’s ring, barfoed’s ring, fehling’s ingredient
✓Antidote for P poisoning
✓+ iron: increase hematinic activity (enhance utilization of iron)
✓Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture (______ + ______)
✓an algicide/fungicide in swimming pools
blue vitriol, blue stone
Bordeaux mixture: CuSO4 + CaO
CuSO4.5H2O (COPPER II SULFATE)
46
* _________ – “shining bright”
* Salts are highly ionized and slightly ionized or insoluble
*_________→ germicidal action
- ability of certain heavy metals to inhibit microorganism growth in small concentration
* Protein precipitant (heavy metals)
* Best ______ of electricity
* 2nd most _______ metal
* Toxicity
- ______: (darkened skinned due to chronic use)
* Antidote
- ________: isotonic (not painful when administered)
- Ag + NaCl → _____ (white precipitate)
Argentum
oligodynamic action
conductor
malleable
Argyria
NaCl (NSS)
AgCl
SILVER (Ag)
47
SILVER PROEINATES
Mild silver protein (______)
Strong silver protein (______)
Colloidal silver protein (______)
Argyrol
Protargol
Collargol
Antiseptic for the eyes (19 – 23)
ENT germicide (7.5 – 8.5)
General germicide (10 – 22)
48
✓Aka: Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, indelible ink, caustic pencil
✓Use:
1. Treatment of warts
2. Eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with gonorrhea "gonorrheal ophthalmitis"
AgNO3
49
Aka: Howe’s solution
Ingredient of Tollen’s reagent
Use:
- Dental protective
- Desensitizing agent
Ag(NH3)2NO3 / Ammoniacal AgNO3
50
- Poisonous
- Disinfectant
- Germicide
AgI
51
* Aurum, Shining dawn, King of all metals
* 24 karats (purest)
* Can be dissolved by:
* Aqua regia: HCl + HNO3 (3:1)
* ___________: H2SO4
Gold Preparation
* DMARD (Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout)
Toxicity
* _______, ______ - inflammation of the tongue (PO)
Antidote
* BAL (___________)
Selenic acid
Dermatitis, Glossitis
British Anti-Lewisite
GOLD (Au)
52
* ____________
o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
* ____________ – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
* ____________ – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
* ____________ - PO
o Treatment of R.A.
DMARD
* Aurothioglucose (Solganal) – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
* Gold sodium thiomalate (Mypchrisin) – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
* Auranofin (Ridaura) - PO
o Treatment of R.A.
53
GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS
VALENCE: +2
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
54
* Most toxic metal (never employed in medicine)
* Used in the fluorescent lighting industry
Beryllium (Be)
55
* Lightest of structurally important
metals
* Used in the manufacture of flares
* 2nd most abundant _________
* (+) Chlorophyll (photosynthesis)
* (+) __________ (RMgX - Alkyl Mg Halide; Alcohol synthesis)
* Mg silicates: _____, ______
* Mg carbonates: _____, _____
(Ca + Mg)
Use: MICO
* Natural Ca channel blocker
* Laxative/ Cathartic – Magtatae
* Depressant
IC cation
Grignard reagent
talc, asbestos
magnesite, dolomite
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
56
✓Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma
✓Use: Antacid
Mg(OH)2
magnesium hydroxide
57
✓Aka: calcined magnesia
✓Use:
1. Laxative
2. Antacid
3. Component of Universal antidote (_________, _________, _________)
MgO
magnesium oxide, activated charcoal, tannic acid
58
✓Aka: talc, soapstone,
french chalk, softstone
✓Softest mineral
✓Use:
1. Filtering agent
2. Clarifying agent
3. ___________(in gloves)
dusting powder
Hydrated Mg silicate /
3MgO. 4SiO2.H2O
59
* 2nd most abundant EC cation
* Cation of ___________
* Pharmacological use: antacid
Natural sources:
* _________ (MgCO3∙CaCO3)
* _________ (CaF2 - white ppt)
* _________ (selenite or CaSO4)
Pcol properties:
* Blood coagulation factor (Prothrombin→ thrombin)
* Muscle contraction
* Release of Neurotransmitters (Ach, E,NE)
Def: Hypocalcemia
* Defective bone mineralization - Rickettsia/ bowed legs in children; osteomalacia in adults
* Defective bone resorption –
osteoporosis – brittle bone
* Others: Muscle spasm → tetany,
seizure
Toxicity
* ___________ – constipation: ↑Ca levels
Antidote
* _____ – converted into Ca EDTA (chelating agent)
hydroxyapatite
Dolomite
Fluorite
Gypsum
Hypercalcemia
EDTA
CALCIUM (Ca)
60
5 compounds of Calcium
CaCO3
Ca gluconate
Ca(OH)2
Ca(ClO)2
CaO
61
✓Aka: precipitated chalk,
prepared chalk
✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Ingredient of toothpaste, dentrifices
CaCO3
62
✓Use: Ca supplement and replenisher
✓Advantage: better taste and less irritating
Ca gluconate
63
✓Aka: slaked lime, milk of
lime, calcium hydrate
✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Saponifying agent
Ca(OH)2
64
✓Aka: chlorinated lime, chloride of
lime
✓Use:
1. Disinfectant
2. Bleaching agent
Ca(ClO)2
calcium hypochlorite
65
✓Aka: lime, quicklime, calx
✓Use:
1. Component of Bordeaux mixture
2. Insecticide
CaO
66
* (+) flare manufacture (crimson red)
* Radioactive Sr: bone scanner
Strontium (Sr)
67
* Discoverer: Marie Curie
* Radioactive → cancer chemotherapy and for diagnostic purposes
Radium (Ra)
68
GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS
Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg+1, +2 “Zi-Cad-Mer”
69
* Cadmia
* Metal present in insulin (inzulin)
* Galvanized iron protective coating
* Battery & dry cell container
* Deficiency: ___________ (scaly, thickened, & inflamed skin)
* Antidote: NaHCO3
Pcol:
* Astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, protectant
* Mild antiseptic, astringent, topical protective (desitin for diaper rash)
Parakeratosis
Zinc (Zn)
70
* (+) stink bomb manufacture
* High affinity for ___________ (stress proteins)
* Toxicity: _______ disease or Ouch-ouch disease
* Antidote: ______ – immediately given after exposure
* Management: ____________
metallothioproteins
Itai-itai disease
Ca EDTA
Palliative therapy
CADMIUM (CD)
71
Use:
1. Emetic
2. Treatment of Tinea infection
CdCl2
72
Aka: yellow sulfide
Use: anti-seborrheic
Brand name: Capsebon®
CdS
73
Use: Ophthalmic antiseptic
CdSO4
cadmium sulfate
74
* Hydrargyrum, Quicksilver, Messenger of Gods, Asoge
2 forms:
* Mercurous (Hg2 2+) – less toxic
* Mercuric (Hg2+)
* Only liquid metal
* (+) Thermometers, amalgams (dental cement)
* Source: ________ (aethrop’s mineral)
Use:
* Protein precipitant (heavy metal), antiseptic, anti-syphilitic, parasiticide, fungicide, cathartic, diuretic (useful for cardiac edema)
Cinnabar
MERCURY (Hg)
75
✓Use: Treatement of syphilis
*DOC for syphilis: Penicillin
HgI / Mercurous iodide
76
GROUP IIIA: BORON GROUP
B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
77
* Appears only in the +3 oxidation state and is a non-metal very toxic
Boron (B)
78
* Green twigs (poison)
* Ant poison (insecticide)
Thallium (Tl)
79
* _________, most abundant of all metals, 3rd most abundant element
* Source: _______ (3NaF ∙ AIF3)
Use:
* Astringent (protein precipitant)
* Antiperspirant / deodorant (also: ___, ___ – banned due to __________ formation → cancer), burns (aluminum foil)
Ladd’s paste
Cryolite
Zn, Zr
granuloma formation
ALUMINUM (Al)
80
=double salts
✓Common formula:
M+2 M3+2 (SO4)4.24H2O
✓Prototype: K2Al2
(SO4)4.24H2O
✓Use:
1. Astringent
2. Antiperspirant / deodorant
Alums/Tawas
81
✓Aka: amphojel®, cremalin gel®
✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Protectant
✓Disadvantage:
1. Constipation
2. Phosphate deficiency
*Component of Maalox®
Al(OH)3
Aluminium hydroxide
82
a. ______
✓Aka: china clay, native hydrated Al silicate, white bole
✓Use: Adsorbent in diarrhea
b. ______
✓Aka: soap clay, mineral soap, native colloidal hydrated Al
silicate
✓Use: Suspending agent (5% solution)
c. ______
✓Volcanic origin
✓Use: Dental abrasive
Kaolin
Bentonite
Pumice
ALUMINUM SILICATE
83
* Melts at near body temperature (30°C)
* Substitute for Hg in arc lamp manufacture
Toxicity:
* Cancer related ________ by binding with ________ (transport form for Iron)
hypercalcemia
transferrin
GALLIUM (Ga)
84
GROUP IIIB: SCANDIUM GROUP
- Scandium (Sc)
- Yttrium (Y)
- Lanthanide series (La-Lu; 57 – 71)
- Actinides series (Ac – Ir; 89 – 103)
