Has 2 forms: 1. ___________ - _______ (tetrahedral) o Purest native form of uncombined carbon; formed under pressure - _______ (planar) 2. __________ - _________ (soft coal) - _________ (hard coal) - ______ (impure carbon) Present in all animal and plant tissues Activated charcoal component of the universal antidote (MgO & tannic acid) Used in the treatment of diarrhea (adsorptive properties)

1. Crystalline - Diamond - graphite 2. Amorphous - Bituminous - Anthracite - Coke CARBON (C)

ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES (PART 1) Flashcards by Anna Kaye Cirujano

GROUP IVA: CARBON GROUP

C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

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Has 2 forms:
1. ___________
_______ (tetrahedral)
o Purest native form of uncombined carbon; formed under pressure
_______ (planar)

__________
- _________ (soft coal)
- _________ (hard coal)
- ______ (impure carbon)

Present in all animal and plant tissues
Activated charcoal
component of the universal antidote (MgO & tannic acid)
Used in the treatment of diarrhea (adsorptive properties)

Crystalline
- Diamond
- graphite
Amorphous
- Bituminous
- Anthracite
- Coke

CARBON (C)

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✓Use: Treatment of acne, warts, corns, calluses, eczema (general inflammatory skin condition)

✓Most potent respiratory
stimulant

✓Treatment of persistent
hiccups

CO2

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✓210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to asphyxia then death

✓Incomplete combustion of gas

✓Treatment:
1. 100% O2
2. Artificial air (He 80%, O2 20%)
3. Hyperbaric O2

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✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Pharmaceutical for effervescent tablet

CO3

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Second most abundant element on earth

TOXICITY:
* _______ - Lung condition resembling chronic tuberculosis

Acquired after >7 years Silicon
exposure

ANTIDOTE:
* __________ (inhalation)

Silicosis

Aluminum oxide dust

SILICA (Si)

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______: Na2CO3 + pure silica

✓Manufacture of glass – fusing silica with a base, usually Na2CO3

Modified by the ff:
✓ ___– improves coefficient of expansion
✓ ___– increases index of refraction
✓ ___– make glass brown w/ light resistant property
✓ ___– masks the blue-green color of Fe, present in silica

GLASS

B
Pb
K
MnO2

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_________:
✓Adsorbent

_________:
✓Suspending agent

_________:
✓Clarifying agent, dusting agent

_________:
✓Aka: Polymagma®, Quintess®
✓Use: Adsorbent in diarrhea

Kaolin

Bentonite

Talc (Magnesium Silicate)

Attapulgite / (Mg5(Si8O20) (OH)2 . 8H2O)

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Most metallic among the group
Previously employed as astringent
Accumulates in the system = readily absorbed by the GIT and broken skin; deposited in bones

TOXICITY:
* Plumbism

ANTIDOTE:
* EDTA
* BAL
* Ca Versenate

Lead (Pb)

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Aka: stannum
Use: Preparation of tin cans

Important Compounds:
1. _____
✓Anticariogenic 8% solution (1 application)
✓Disadvantage: rapidly oxidized so should be
freshly prepared

_____
✓Use: Germicide for Staph infection

SnF2
SnO2 / Stannic oxide

TIN (Sn)

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GROUP IVB: TITANIUM SUBGROUP

Ti, Zr, HF

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“Titan” , son of the earth
Very powerful ______ agent
Use: blocking agent (//transparent capsule → opaque)

Titanium oxide
- Solar ray protective
- Used in contact lenses

reducing

TITANIUM (Ti)

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Use is similar to aluminum (but already banned)
Deodorant and antiperspirant properties

Zirconium (Zr)

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GROUP VA: NITROGEN FAMILY

N, P, As, Sb, Bi

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_________ (without life), Phlogisticated air, Mephitic air
Colorless, tasteless, odorless, inert gas
Provides inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals

Azote

NITROGEN (N)

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“light carrier”, “St. Elmo’s fire”
(+) essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissues & bones

Phosphates:
* Of physiologic & medicinal importance; antacid, cathartic

Phosphorus (P)

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3 main allotropic forms of Phosphate:

Waxy solid (organic solvents soluble)
light: darkens
Air (in the dark): emits greenish light and gives off
white fumes with garlic odor
Toxic: rat poison

White/ Yellow impure P

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3 main allotropic forms of Phosphate:

Intermediate property of black and white P (organic solvents insoluble)
Less chemical active compared to white P
Non-toxic (used in safety matches, pyrotechnics)

Red/Violet P

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3 main allotropic forms of Phosphate:

Resembles graphite in texture
Produced from white P under high pressures
Air-stable; does not catch fire spontaneously

Black P

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Lewisite metal
Agent of choice for professional killers
Protoplasmic poison (poisonous to all tissues)

Antidote:
* freshly prepared mixture of Iron (III) and administered PO

Still in GIT: Dimercaprol IM if already absorbed

Arsenic (As)

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First anti-syphilis
Discovered by Paul Ehrlich (Father of Chemotherapy)

Arsphenamine, Salvarsan,
Compound 606, Magic
bullet

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Rodenticide, insecticide, pigment, blue colorant for fireworks

Paris Green

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Cupric hydrogen arsenite

Scheele’s green

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Former antileukemic

!% Potassium arsenite solution (KAsO2; Fowler’s solution)

For trypanosome infection, malaria, TB, RA, diabetes (before)

Arsenic (III) iodide solution (Donovan’s solution)

* Stibium * Most important source: * _________ – red-orange * Use: astringent, antiperspirant * Anthelmintic – kills and expels intestinal worms (vs. ________ → only expels worms) * Emetic, expectorant

Antimony glance Vermifuge ANTIMONY (Sb +2, +4)

* Beautiful meadow * Soluble salts are toxic, antidote: BAL Pcol Use: - Astringent - Antiseptic - Internal protectant (antacid + inhibit ___________ → caused gastric ulcer)

Helicobacter pylori BISMUTH (Bi)

* Helidac® MTB - Metronidazole (Flagyl ®) - DOC: PTAG - Pseudomembranous colitis - Trichiasis - Amoebiasis - Giardiasis * Tetracycline - DOC: CRIM - Chlamydia - Rickettsia - Mycoplasma * Bi subsalicylate * Prevpac ®LAC - Lansoprazole - Amoxicillin - Clarithromycin

Bismuth (Bi)

GROUP VB: VANADIUM SUBGROUP

V, Nb, Ta

GROUP VIA: OXYGEN FAMILY/SULFUR FAMILY

CHALCOGENS: O, S, Se, Te, Po

* Dephlogisticated air, empyreal air * Most abundant and most essential element 3 allotropes 1. ________ (O) 2. ________ (O2) 3. ________ (O3) – powerful oxidizing agent → bleach, disinfectant * Required in conditions with _________ (anoxia, anemia, histotoxic conditions) * Reacts will all elements except _________ * Ozonized air

Nascent Atmospheric/Molecular Ozone hypoxia Au, Ag, Cu OXYGEN (O)

* Brimstone, ________ (enemy of Cu), Asupre 2 forms * Precipitated – smaller particles being more reactive * Sublimed form Uses: * Scabicide and keratolytic ointments/lotions * Saline cathartic * Fumigant * Depilatory (as thioglycolate) * Antiseborrheic * Antidote to cyanide poisoning (sodium thiosulfate)

Shulbari SULFUR (S)

- Boiling sulfur with lime and precipitated filtered solution with HCl - Very fine pale-yellow powder, odorless, tasteless - CS2 solubility: readily dissolves - __________ (10% sulfur) Precipitated sulfur + mineral oil + white ointment

Sulfur ointment Precipitated S (milk of sulfur, lack sulfur)

- Fine yellow powder with faint odor and taste - CS2 solubility: slowly and usu. Incompletely soluble - __________ (Vleminck’s solution) Sublimed sulfur + lime (boiled)

Sulfurated lime Sublimed S (flowers of sulfur)

- Treating sublimed S with NH3 (to dissolve impurities, particularly As and to remove traces of acid) - Characteristics similar to sublimed S * White lotion (USP) * Sulfurated potash + ZnSO4 → ZnS (active) * Topical and antifungal: astringent, protective, mild antimicrobial and antifungal (tx of skin parasitic diseases, psoriasis, scabicide)

Washed S

* Selena (moon) * Important trace element * Synergistic with Vitamin E * Major use: antioxidant * Industrial use: RUBBER

Selenium (Se)

* First radioactive element discovered by Curie

Polonium (Po)

GROUP VIB

Cr, Mo, W, Uranium

* Essential trace element (Cr3+) * Found in sugar and butter * Deficiency - DM like symptoms - Glucose tolerance factor --- Polydipsia --- Polyuria --- polyphagia

Chromium (Cr)

* Discoverer: __________ * Radioactive element → atomic reactors/bombs

Becquerel URANIUM (U)

* Trace element - Cofactor for Flavin dependent enzymes - Xanthine oxidase * For bacterial fixation of atmospheric N2

Molybdenum

GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS

VALENCE: -1, +5, +7 F, Cl, Br, I, At

* Most electronegative element * Super halogen (___________) * Strongest _______ agent * Suppressive effect on thyroid (particularly when I2 is deficient) Anticarcinogenic (Also: rodenticide, insecticide) ______________ = 2%, 4 applications ______________ = 8%, 1 application

Linus Pauling oxidizing Sodium fluoride (NaF) Stannous fluoride (SnF2) FLUORINE (F)

* Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor * Powerful caustic and germicide; sedative depressant (all allotropes!) TOXICITY: - Brominism - Skin eruptions, psychosis, weakness ANTIDOTE: - _______ or _______

NaCl or NH4Cl BROMINE (Br2)

* Most metallic of the group except for Astatine Use: * Expectorant * Anti-microbial properties * Present in the thyroid gland (hormones)

Iodine

2% I2 in water + NaI

Iodine Solution

2% I2 solution + 50% alcohol + NaI

Iodine tincture

5% I2 in water + KI

Strong Iodine (Lugol’s solution)

Antibacterial, irritant

Phenolated iodine/Boulton’s solution

I2 complexed with organic complexing agent as solubilizer Povidone Iodine (Betadine®) Advantages - Slow release of I2, stability, reduced irritation, oral toxicity Disadvantages - staining, idiosyncratic reaction

Iodophors

GROUP VIIB: MANGANESE SUBGROUP

Mn, Tc, Re, Bh

* Most important (MnO4) Trace element: * Cofactor in phosphorylation and protein, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis (biomolecule)

Manganese (Mn)

* Technetos (artificial) * Eka manganese * 1st element produced artificially (from decay Mo99) Use: * radiopharmaceuticals

Technetium (Tc)

GROUP VIIIA: INERT/NOBLE/STABLE GAS

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

* 2nd lightest gas * Used in balloons * Donald duck sound when swallowed * Artificial air: * 80% He + 20% O2

Helium

* Used in advertising

Neon

* Most abundant __________ * Used as a substitute for Nitrogen gas as an inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals

noble gas ARGON

* Least abundant noble gas

Krypton