ELEMENTS (Titanium and so on) Flashcards
1
Q
Group IVB: _____________
A
Titanium subgroup
Ti, Zr, Hf
2
Q
- son of the earth
- Very powerful reducing agent
- Use: blocking agent (//transparent capsule →
opaque)
A
titanium (Ti)
3
Q
- Solar ray protective
- Used in contact lenses
A
titanium oxide
4
Q
- Use is similar to aluminum (but already banned)
- Deodorant and antiperspirant properties
A
Zirconium (Zr)
5
Q
Group VA: ____________
A
Nitrogen family
N, P, As, Sb, Bi
N, P – nonmetals
As – metalloid
Sb, Bi – metals
6
Q
- _________ (without life), Phlogisticated air, Mephitic
air - Colorless, tasteless, odorless, inert gas
- Provides inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals
A
Azote
Nitrogen (N)
7
Q
- “light carrier”, “St. Elmo’s fire”
- (+) essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissues & bones
_____________:
- Of physiologic & medicinal importance
- antacid, cathartic
A
phosphates
Phosphorus (P)
8
Q
3 main allotropic forms of Phosphorous
A
- white/yellow impure P
- red/violet P
- black P
9
Q
- Waxy solid (organic solvents SOLUBLE)
- light: darkens
- Air (in the dark): emits greenish light and gives off white fumes with garlic odor
- Toxic: rat poison
A
white/yellow impure P
10
Q
- Intermediate property of black and white P (organic solvents INSOLUBLE)
- Less chemical active compared to white P
- Non-toxic (used in safety matches, pyrotechnics)
A
red/violet P
11
Q
-Resembles graphite in texture
- Produced from white P under high pressures
- Air-stable; does not catch fire spontaneously
A
black P
12
Q
- Lewisite metal
- Agent of choice for professional killers
- Protoplasmic poison (poisonous to all tissues)
Antidote:
- freshly prepared mixture of
_________ and administered PO
- Still in GIT: _________ if already absorbed
A
Iron (III)
Dimercaprol IM
ARSENIC (As)
13
Q
5 arsenicals
A
- Arsphenamine, Salvarsan, Compound 606, Magic bullet
- paris green
- scheele’s green
- Potassium arsenite solution (KAsO2; Fowler’s solution)
- Arsenic (III) iodide solution (Donovan’s solution)
14
Q
- First anti-syphilis
- Discovered by Paul Ehrlich –
Father of Chemotherapy
A
Arsphenamine, Salvarsan, Compound 606, Magic bullet
15
Q
Rodenticide, insecticide, pigment, blue colorant for fireworks
A
Paris Green
16
Q
Cupric hydrogen arsenite
A
Scheele’s green
17
Q
Former antileukemic
A
Potassium arsenite solution (KAsO2; Fowler’s solution)
18
Q
For trypanosome infection, malaria, TB, RA, diabetes (before)
A
Arsenic (III) iodide solution (Donovan’s solution)
19
Q
- ____________
Most important source:
* _____________ – red-orange
Use: astringent, antiperspirant
* Anthelmintic – kills and expels intestinal worms (vs. ________ → only expels worms)
- Emetic, expectorant
A
stibium
Antimony glance
Vermifuge
ANTIMONY (Sb)
20
Q
bismuth (Bi)
3 meds
A
A. Helidac® MTB
- Metronidazole (Flagyl ®) (PTAG)
- Pseudomembranous colitis
- Trichiasis
- Amoebiasis
- Giardiasis - Tetracycline (ChRIM)
- Chlamydia
- Ricketssia
- Mycoplasma - Bi SUBSALICYLATE
* Prevpac (LAC)
- Lansoprazole
- Amoxicillin
- Clarithromycin
21
Q
- Beautiful meadow
- Soluble salts are toxic, antidote: BAL
Pcol Use:
* Astringent
* Antiseptic
* Internal protectant (antacid + inhibit ______________ → caused gastric ulcer)
A
Helicobacter pylori
Bismuth (Bi)
22
Q
GROUP VB: _____________
A
Vanadium Group
V, Nb, Ta
23
Q
_________: Used in sheet form for surgical repair of bones- Does not affect tissues
A
tantalum
24
Q
GROUP VIA: _______________
A
Oxygen Family/Sulfur Family
CHALCOGENS: O, S, Se, Te, Po
25
_________, _________, __________, of alkali and alkaline earth metals are water soluble but the corresponding salts of the other metals are highly water insoluble
Sulfides, selenides, tellurides
26
* Dephlogisticated air, empyreal air
* Most abundant and most essential element
* Required in conditions with hypoxia (anoxia, anemia, histotoxic conditions)
* Reacts will all elements except __________
* Ozonized air
3 allotropes
* ___________
* ___________
* ___________ – powerful oxidizing agent → bleach, disinfectant
Au, Ag, Cu
Nascent (O)
Atmospheric/Molecular (O2)
Ozone (O3)
Oxygen
27
* Brimstone, _______ (enemy of
Cu), Asupre
2 forms
* __________ – smaller particles being more reactive
* Sublimed form
Uses:
* Scabicide and keratolytic
ointments/lotions
* Saline cathartic
* Fumigant
* Depilatory (as __________)
* Antiseborrheic
* Antidote to cyanide poisoning (_____________)
Shulbari
Precipitated
thioglycolate
sodium thiosulfate
SULFUR (S)
28
6 sulfur varieties
1. Amorphous S
2. Liquid S
3. Plastic S
4. Precipitated S (milk of sulfur, lack sulfur)
5. Sublimed S (flowers of sulfur)
6. Washed S
29
- Heating S at 160-180℃
- Rubber-like
liquid S
plastic S
30
- Boiling sulfur with lime and precipitated filtered solution with HCl
- Very fine pale-yellow powder, odorless, tasteless
- CS2 solubility: readily dissolves
- Sulfur ointment (10% sulfur)
Precipitated sulfur + mineral oil + white ointment
Precipitated S (milk of sulfur, lack sulfur)
31
-Fine yellow powder with faint odor and taste
-CS2 solubility: slowly and usu. Incompletely soluble
-Sulfurated lime (Vleminck’s solution)
Sublimed sulfur + lime (boiled)
Sublimed S (flowers of sulfur)
32
- Treating sublimed S with NH3 (to dissolve impurities, particularly As and to remove traces of acid)
- Characteristics similar to sublimed S
washed S
33
_____________ (USP)
* Sulfurated potash + ZnSO4 → ZnS (active)
* Topical and antifungal: astringent, protective, mild antimicrobial and antifungal (tx of skin parasitic diseases, psoriasis, scabicide)
White lotion
34
* Selena (moon)
* Important trace element
* Synergistic with Vitanin E
* Major use: antioxidant
* Industrial use: RUBBER
Selenium (Se)
35
* First radioactive element discovered by Curie
Polonium (Po)
36
GROUP VIB: ________________
Cr, Mo, W, Uranium
37
* Essential trace element (Cr3+)
* Found in sugar and butter
* Deficiency
- DM like symptoms
- Glucose tolerance factor
--- Polydipsia
--- Polyuria
--- polyphagia
Chromium
38
* Discoverer: Becquerel
* Radioactive element → atomic reactors/bombs
Uranium (U)
39
* Trace element
- Cofactor for Flavin dependent enzymes
- Xanthine oxidase
* For bacterial fixation of atmospheric N2
Molybdenum
40
GROUP VIIA:
HALOGENS
F, Cl, Br, I, At
41
* Most electronegative element
* Super halogen (__________)
* Strongest _________ agent
* Suppressive effect on thyroid (particularly when I2 is deficient)
Anticarcinogenic (Also: rodenticide, insecticide)
Linus Pauling
oxidizing
Fluorine (F)
42
- Sodium fluoride (NaF)
- Stannous fluoride (SnF2)
2%, 4 applications
8%, 1 application
43
* Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor
* Powerful caustic and germicide; sedative depressant (all bormides!)
TOXICITY:
- Brominism
- Skin eruptions, psychosis, weakness
ANTIDOTE:
- NaCl or NH4Cl
Bromine (Br2)
44
* Most metallic of the group except for Astatine
Use:
* Expectorant
* Anti-microbial properties
* Present in the thyroid gland (hormones)
Iodine
45
Iodine Preparations:
1. Iodine Solution
2. Iodine tincture
3. Strong Iodine (Lugol’s solution)
4. Phenolated iodine/Boulton’s solution
5. Iodophors
1. 2% I2 in water + NaI
2. 2% I2 solution + 50% alcohol + NaI
3. 5% I2 in water + KI
4. Antibacterial, irritant
5. I2 complexed with organic complexing agent as solubilizer
Povidone Iodine (Betadine®)
Advantages
- Slow release of I2, stability, reduced irritation, oral toxicity
Disadvantages
- staining, idiosyncratic reaction
46
GROUP VIIB: ___________
MANGANESE SUBGROUP
Mn, Tc, Re, Bh
47
* Most important _________
* Trace element:
- Cofactor in phosphorylation and protein, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis (biomolecule)
(MnO4)
Manganese (Mn)
48
* Technetos (artificial)
* Eka manganese
* 1st element produced artificially (from decay Mo99)
Use:
* radiopharmaceuticals
Technetium (Tc)
49
GROUP VIIIA: ______________
INERT/NOBLE/STABLE GAS
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
50
* 2nd lightest gas
* Used in balloons
* Donald duck sound when
swallowed
Artificial air:
* 80% He + 20% O2
Helium
51
* Used in advertising
Neon
52
* Most abundant noble gas
* Used as a substitute for Nitrogen gas as an inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals
Argon
53
* Least abundant noble gas
Krypton
54
GROUP VIIIB: ___________
* 1st Triad: ______, ______, ______ – Iron elements (Valence: +2, +3)
* 2nd / Light Triad: _____, _____, _____
* 3rd / Heavy triad: _____, _____, _____
Fe, Co, Ni
Rh, Ru, Pd
Os, Ir, Pt
IRON TRIAD
55
* Ferrum (Fe2+ = Physiologic)
* Most important element in engineering
Common ores:
* ___________ ()
* ___________ ()
* ___________ ()
ANTIDOTE:
* ___________
(+) Proteins
* __________: Fe in blood - specifically in heme which provides reddish coloration
* __________: transport forms of Fe in the body
* __________: storage form of Fe in the body
* Cytochrome oxidase
* “Old Nick’s Copper”
* Found in fossil fuel combustion
* (+) fancy jewelries
Common Ores:
Hematite (Fe2O3)
Pyrite/ “fool’s gold” (native FeS2)
Iron stone (FeCo3)
Antidote: Deferoxamine
+ Proteins:
Hemoglobin
Transferrin
Ferritin
56
* Essential in the development of RBC and Hgb
* Metal in Vit. B12
* Anhydrous salts are _____ while hydrated salts are ______
* Cobaltous chloride (CoCl2)
* “Lover’s ink, Sympathetic Ink”
* Indicator in silica gel beads
blue
pink
Cobalt
57
* Heaviest/densest metal
* ___________ & _____________
* Staining of specimens for electron microscopy
Osmium tetroxide, osmic acid
Osmium (Os)
58
* Noble Metal (low oxidation and reactivity)
* Cisplatin (______________)
* For prostate cance
cis diaminedichloroplatinum
Platinum
