Elimination Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
is the expulsion of the wastes from the body by way of lungs, skin, rectum and urinary bladder.
A
Elimination
2
Q
The major nursing responsibilities associated with bowel and bladder elimination include
A
assessing the bowel and bladder functions,
promoting normal bowel and bladder health and
management of altered bowel and bladder functions.
3
Q
It is the process by which the solid waste products of digestion, known
as feces or stool, are eliminated from the bowel.
A
Defecation
4
Q
Those are medications that act directly on the intestine to store the bowel motility or to absorb excess fluid in the bowel.
A
Anti-diarrhoeal agents
5
Q
It is the involuntary voiding with no underlying pathophysiology origin after the age when bladder control is usually achieved.
A
Enuresis
6
Q
It refers to stool that are very thick dark or black because of the
presence of blood
A
Malaena
7
Q
digested food
A
chyme
8
Q
malaena is influenced by
A
gallbladder (bile acid)
9
Q
dark stool signifies
A
upper GI bleeding
10
Q
fresh stool signifies
A
damage in lower GI (hemorrhoids)
11
Q
gray stool indicates
A
obstruction with bile
12
Q
It is the process of emptying the urinary bladder
A
Micturition/voiding/urination
13
Q
It is the formation and excretion of excessing amounts of urine in the
absence of a concurrent increase in the fluid intake.
A
Polyuria
14
Q
Urinary output ??? in 24 hours is polyuria
A
> 2500-3000 ml
15
Q
It means that the urine contains pus, which is the accumulation of the end products of an inflammatory response
A
pyuria
16
Q
is a breathing technique that involves forcefully exhaling
forcing poop out
A
Valsalva maneuver
17
Q
move the feces into the sigmoid colon and the rectum
A
peristaltic waves
18
Q
Sensory nerves in rectum are ???.
A
stimulated
19
Q
Feces move into the ??? when the internal and external sphincter relax.
A
anal canal
20
Q
how can pregnancy affect bowel elimination?
A
the ascending and sigmoid colon is squeezed
21
Q
how can intestinal pathology affect bowel elimination?
A
irritable bowel movement, inflamed bowel, colon cancer
22
Q
how can medications affect bowel elimination?
A
color of medication affects color of stool
23
Q
have difficulty to control bladder and bowel elimination
A
elders
24
Q
how can psychosocial factors influence elimination?
A
anxiety & depression
25
A symptom not a disease.
Decreased frequency of
defecation.
constipation
26
constipation
[characteristics (3)] stools.
??? at stools.
??? defecation.
Hard, dry, formed
Straining
Painful
27
Causes of Constipation
Inadequate, irregular and restricted ???
Insufficient ??? intake
Insufficient intake of ???
No established ??? especially regarding timing and the failure
to respond to the reflex impulse.
Lack of ??? and prolonged ???.
Overuse of [3].
Surgery involving the ??? and ???.
diet;
fluid;
roughage;
habit pattern;
exercises, rest;
laxatives, suppositories and enemas;
intestines and rectum
28
Usually the defecation reflex is found immediately after a ???.
full breakfast
29
(constipation) Adequate intake of diet
If the dietary intake is too little, it may not stimulate ???
peristalsis
30
A ??? position is most effective posture during defecation because the individual can increase intra-abdominal pressure, necessary for
expelling feces.
squatting
31
(constipation)
Any activity that improves the muscle tone of the ??? and ???muscles should be encouraged
abdominal and
perineal
32
Normally an individual should take ??? of fluid in 24 hours.
2000 to 3000 ml
33
Enemas
??? – cleanse entire colon
??? – cleanse rectum and sigmoid colon
??? – immediate large colonic emptying
high;
Low;
hypotonic and isotonic
34
when you can't absorb fluid in body, what enema?
hypotonic & isotonic
35
isotonic
same solute
36
hypertonic
higher solution of parenteral solution than the fluid in the interstitial body (mostly for edema)
- If a patient is retaining too much fluid, a hypertonic solution (like 3% NaCl) can help pull excess water out of cells, leading to increased elimination through urine.
37
hypotonic
interstitial body fluid is lower than solution (dehydrated)
- If a patient is dehydrated, they may receive a hypotonic solution (like 0.45% NaCl) to help restore fluid levels and improve urine output.
38
is the accumulation of excessive amounts of gas (flatus) in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to distension of the abdomen.
Flatulence
39
Flatulence is also referred to as
tympanites
40
Large amount of air and other gases can accumulate in the stomach resulting in ?
gastric distension
41
Flatulence is noticed [when] due to effect of anesthesia, narcotics, dietary changes and reduction in activity.
post operatively
42
It is accumulation of excessive
amounts of flatus, liquid or solid
intestinal contents.
abdominal distention
43
An ??? that block the passage of flatus and intestinal chyme or feces. Can occur due to paralytic ileus or abdominal tumors.
obstruction
44
Long periods of bed rest or relative inactivity can ??? and
cause distension
slow peristalsis
45
??? involving bowel manipulation, especially bowel ___ can cause decreased peristalsis leading to distension
Surgery
46
Constipation and fecal ??? also can cause distension.
impaction
47
The functional unit of the urinary system
kidneys
48
Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble
substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine
nephron
49
Formation of urine involves three processes:
Glomerular filtration
Tubular absorption
Tubular secretion
50
The functional unit of the kidney
is ???
nephron
51
kidney is divided into
an outer cortex and an inner medulla
52
nephron is located in both the
??? and ???
cortex and medullary area
53
Urine formation begins with filtration from the ??? into bowman’s capsule of large amount of fluid i.e. virtually free of protein
glomerular capillaries
54
Most substances in the plasma, except for ???, are freely filtered so that their concentrations in the glomerular filtrate in ??? are almost the same as in the plasma
proteins;
bowman’s
capsule
55
Nutritional substances such as amino acids and glucose, are
completely ??? from the tubules and do not appear in the urine even though large amounts are filtered by the glomerular capillaries.
reabsorbed
56
The amount of the filtrate
formed by the kidneys per
minute is called
glomerular filtration rate
57
if a person is ??? it can affect the urine
hypertensive
58
The ??? helps regulate kidney function and blood pressure.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
59
When glomerular blood flow, blood pressure, or GFR (glomerular filtration rate) drops, the JG cells release ???
renin
60
Renin converts angiotensinogen (in blood) into ???
angiotensin I
61
Angiotensin II has two major effects:
- It constricts blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and restoring GFR.
- It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
62
triggers the kidneys to reabsorb sodium (Na⁺) and water, increasing blood volume and further raising blood pressure and GFR.
Aldosterone (from adrenal glands)
63
Average urine output ??? liters of urine per day.
1 to 1.5
64
Medications that may affect bowel function [3]
Sedatives
Diuretics
antihistamines
65
sedatives for
sleep
66
diuretics for
micturition
67
antihistamines for
anti-allergy
68
Each kidney contains approximately ??? nephrons.
1 million
69
Each nephron has a ???, a tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
70
At the junction between the ureter and the bladder, a flaplike fold of mucous membrane acts as a valve to prevent ??? (backflow) of urine up the ureters.
reflux
71
The ??? muscle allows the bladder to expand as it fills with urine, and to contract to release urine to the outside of the body during voiding
detrusor
72
or bed-wetting, is the involuntary passing of urine during sleep.
Nocturnal enuresis,
73
The excretory function of the kidney diminishes with age, but usually not significantly below normal levels unless ?
a disease process intervenes.
74
are the second most common
infection in children, after respiratory infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
75
Many older men have enlarged ???, which can inhibit complete emptying of the bladder, resulting in urinary retention and urgency that can cause ???
prostate glands;
incontinence
76
After menopause women have decreased ??? levels, which results in a decrease in perineal tone and support of bladder, vagina, and supporting tissues. This often results in urgency and stress incontinence and can even increase the incidence of UTIs
estrogen
77
such as in dementia, often prevents the person from understanding the need to urinate and the actions
needed to perform the activity
Cognitive impairment
78
refers to the production of abnormally large amounts of urine by the kidneys, often several liters more than the client’s usual daily output.
Polyuria (or diuresis)
79
Polyuria can follow excessive fluid intake, a condition known as ???, or may be associated with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and chronic nephritis.
polydipsia
80
is low urine output, usually less than 500 mL a day or 30 mL an hour for an adult. Although it may occur because of abnormal fluid losses or a lack of fluid intake, it often indicates impaired blood flow to the kidneys or impending renal failure and should be promptly reported to the primary care provider
Oliguria
81
refers to a lack of urine production
Anuria
82
Should the kidneys become unable to adequately function,
some mechanism of filtering the blood is necessary to prevent illness and death. This filtering is done through the use of ???, a technique by which fluids and molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane according to the rules of osmosis
renal dialysis
83
is voiding two or more times at night
Nocturia
84
is voiding at frequent intervals, that is, more than four to six times per day.
Urinary frequency
85
means voiding that is either painful or difficult. It can accompany a stricture (decrease in caliber) of the urethra, urinary infections, and injury to the bladder and urethra
Dysuria
86
Often, ??? (a delay and difficulty in initiating voiding) is associated with
dysuria.
urinary hesitancy
87
is involuntary urination in children beyond the age when voluntary bladder control is normally acquired, usually 4 or 5 years of age
Enuresis
88
Nocturnal enuresis often is ??? in occurrence and affects ???
irregular;
boys more often than girls
89
??? (daytime) enuresis may be
persistent and pathologic in origin. It affects ???
Diurnal;
women and girls more
frequently.
90
An impaired neurologic function can interfere with the normal mechanisms of urine elimination, resulting in a ???
neurogenic bladder
91
When emptying of the bladder is impaired, urine accumulates and the bladder becomes overdistended, a condition known as
urinary retention
92
Urea, the end product of protein metabolism, is measured as
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
93
or Kegel, exercises help to strengthen this
Pelvic floor muscle (PFM),
94
Clients who have a flaccid bladder (weak, soft, and lax bladder muscles) may use manual pressure on the bladder to promote bladder emptying. This is known as ???
Credé’s maneuver or Credé’s method
95
urinary tract infection that occurs while an indwelling catheter is in place or within 48 hours of its
removal
A catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
96
Antihistamines can cause ??? rather than incontinence
urinary retention
97
The longitudinal muscles are shorter than the colon and therefore cause the large intestine to form pouches, or ?
haustra
98
the third type of colonic movement, involves a wave of powerful muscular contraction that moves over large areas of the colon.
Mass peristalsis
99
involves movement of the chyme back and forth within the haustra
Haustral churning
100
is largely air and the by-products of the digestion of carbohydrates
Flatus
101
When the veins become distended, as can occur with repeated pressure, a condition known as ??? occurs
hemorrhoids
102
is the first fecal material passed by the newborn, normally up to 24 hours after birth. It is black, tarry, odorless, and sticky
Meconium
103
infant normal stool color
yellow
104
increased peristalsis of the colon after food has entered the stomach
gastrocolic reflex
105
is a mass or collection of hardened feces in the folds of the rectum.
Fecal impaction
106
are drugs that induce defecation. They can have a strong, purgative effect.
Cathartics
107
Laxatives: Increases the fluid, gaseous, or solid bulk in the intestines.
Bulk forming
108
Laxatives: Draws water into the intestine by osmosis, distends bowel, and stimulates peristalsis. Almost no water or electrolytes are absorbed as solution moves through the intestines and the large fluid volume flushes feces from the colon
Osmotic/saline
109
Laxatives: Irritates the intestinal mucosa or stimulates nerve endings in the wall of the intestine, causing rapid propulsion of the contents.
Stimulant/irritant
110
LAxatives: Softens and delays the drying of the stool; causes more
water and fat to be absorbed
into the stool
Stool softener
or surfactant
111
Laxatives: Lubricates the stool and colon mucosa.
Lubricant
112
is a solution introduced into the rectum and large
intestine
enema
113
are herbal oils known to act as agents that help expel gas from the stomach and intestines.
Carminatives
114
Hypertonic
Draws water into the colon.
115
Hypotonic
Distends colon, stimulates
peristalsis, and softens feces.
116
Isotonic
Distends colon, stimulates
peristalsis, and softens feces
117
Soapsuds
Irritates mucosa, distends
colon.
118
is given primarily to expel flatus. The solution instilled into the rectum releases gas, which in turn distends the rectum and the colon, thus stimulating peristalsis
carminative enema
119
introduces oil or medication into the rectum and sigmoid colon. The liquid is retained for a relatively long period
retention enema
120
also called a Harris flush, is occasionally used to expel flatus
A return-flow enema
121
The enema solution should be ??
isotonic
122
Enema for infants/children: Some hypertonic commercial solutions (e.g., Fleet phosphate enema) can lead to ??? and ???
hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalances.
123
Infants and small children do not exhibit ??? control and need to be assisted in retaining the enema
sphincter
