RLE: Hygiene Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
is the science of health and its maintenance.
A
Hygiene
2
Q
is the self-care by which people attend to such functions as bathing, toileting, general body hygiene, and grooming
A
Personal hygiene
3
Q
is provided to clients as they awaken in the morning. This care consists of providing a urinal or bedpan to the client confined to bed, washing the face and hands, and giving oral care
A
Early morning care
4
Q
care often provided after clients have breakfast, although it may be provided before breakfast. It usually includes providing for elimination needs, a bath or shower, perineal care, back massages, and oral, nail, and hair care. Making the client’s bed is part
A
Morning care
5
Q
care provided to clients before they retire for the night. It usually involves providing for elimination needs, washing face and hands, giving oral care, and giving a back massage
A
Hour of sleep or PM care
6
Q
care is provided as required by the client. For example, a client who is diaphoretic (sweating profusely) may need more frequent bathing and a change of clothes and linens
A
As-needed (prn) care
7
Q
skin secretion: an oily substance that (a) softens and lubricates the hair and skin, (b) prevents the hair from becoming brittle, and (c) decreases water loss from the skin when the external humidity is low (d) lessens the amount of heat lost from the skin
A
sebum
8
Q
It produces and absorbs vitamin D in conjunction with ultraviolet rays from the sun, which activate a vitamin D precursor present in the skin.
A
skin
9
Q
glands that are on all body surfaces except the lips and parts of the genitals.
A
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
10
Q
Sweat glands are classified as?
A
apocrine and eccrine
11
Q
glands located largely in the axillae and anogenital areas, begin to function at puberty under the influence of androgens. Although they produce sweat almost constantly, apocrine glands are of little use in thermoregulation. The secretion of these glands is odorless, but when decomposed or acted on by bacteria on the skin, it takes on a musky, unpleasant odor.
A
apocrine glands
12
Q
glands that are important physiologically. They are more numerous than the apocrine glands and are found chiefly on the
palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and forehead.
A
eccrine glands
13
Q
Assessment of the client’s skin and hygienic practices includes [3, 1]
A
(a) a nursing health history to determine the client’s skin care practices, self-care abilities, and past or current skin problems; and
(b) physical assessment of the skin.
14
Q
Factors Influencing Individual Hygienic Practices [6]
A
culture
religion
environment
developmental level
health and energy
personal preferences
15
Q
It is important for the nurse to determine each client’s ??? level and to maintain and promote as much ??? as possible. This also enables the nurse to identify a client’s potential for ??? and ???
A
functional;
client independence;
growth and rehabilitation
16
Q
functional level: Requires Help from
Another Person for Assistance, Supervision, or Teaching
A
Semi-dependent (+2)
17
Q
functional level: Requires Help from
Another Person and Equipment or Device
A
Moderately Dependent (+3)
18
Q
functional level: Client does Not Participate in Activity
A
totally dependent (+4)
19
Q
Superficial layers of the skin are scraped or rubbed away. Area is reddened and may have localized bleeding or serous weeping.
A
ABRASION
20
Q
Skin can appear flaky and rough
A
EXCESSIVE DRYNESS
21
Q
nursing implications: abrasion
- Prone to ???; therefore, wound should be kept ??? and ???.
- Do not wear ??? when providing care to avoid causing abrasions to clients.
- ???, do not ???, a client across a bed.
- Use [how many] people for assistance.
A
infection; clean & dry
rings or jewelry
Lift, pull
two or more
22
Q
nursing implication: excessive dryness
- Prone to infection if the skin ???; therefore, provide ???? to moisturize the skin and prevent cracking.
- Bathe client [frequency]; use no soap, or use nonirritating soap and limit its use. Rinse skin thoroughly because soap can be ???
- Encourage increased ??? if health permits to prevent dehydration.
A
cracks; alcohol-free lotions
less frequently; irritating and drying
fluid intake
23
Q
AMMONIA DERMATITIS (???)
A
DIAPER RASH
24
Q
Caused by skin bacteria reacting with urea in the urine. The skin becomes reddened and is sore.
A
AMMONIA DERMATITIS (DIAPER RASH)
25
nursing implications: ammonia dermatitis
1. Keep skin dry and clean by applying protective ointments containing ??? to areas at risk (e.g., buttocks and perineum).
2. ??? an infant’s diapers or wash them with an ??? to prevent infection. Rinse diapers well because detergent is irritating to an infant’s skin.
zinc oxide;
Boil; antibacterial detergent
26
Inflammatory condition with papules and pustules.
ACNE
27
nursing implications: acne
1. Keep the skin clean to prevent ???.
2. Treatment varies widely
secondary infection
28
Redness associated with a variety of conditions, such as rashes, exposure to sun, elevated body temperature.
ERYTHEMA
29
nursing implications: erythema
1. ??? area carefully to remove excess microorganisms.
2. Apply ??? or ??? to prevent itching, promote healing, and prevent skin breakdown.
Wash;
antiseptic spray or lotion
30
Excessive hair on a person’s body and face, particularly in women.
HIRSUTISM
31
nursing implications: hirsutism
1. ??? unwanted hair by using depilatories, shaving, electrolysis, or tweezing.
2. Enhance client’s ???.
Remove;
self-concept
32
Physical assessment of the skin, which involves ??? and ???
inspection and palpation
33
diagnoses that are used for clients who have problems performing hygiene care
Self-Care Deficit
34
NANDA’s four self-care deficit diagnoses
Bathing Self-Care Deficit,
Dressing Self-Care Deficit,
Toileting Self-Care Deficit
Feeding Self-Care Deficit
35
Intact, healthy skin is the body’s ???
first line of defense
36
The degree to which the skin protects the underlying tissues from injury depends on the general health of the ???, the amount
of ???, and the ??? of the skin.
cells;
subcutaneous tissue;
dryness
37
When the skin is dry, lotions or creams with ??? can be applied, and bathing is limited to [frequency] because frequent bathing removes the natural oils of the skin and causes dryness
lanolin;
once or twice a week
38
??? in contact with the skin for more than a short time can result in increased bacterial growth and irritation.
Moisture
39
Particular attention is paid to areas such as the ???, where the potential for irritation and fungal infection is greatest.
axillae, the groin, beneath the breasts, and between the toes
40
are caused by resident skin bacteria acting on body secretions.
Body odors
41
removes accumulated oil, perspiration, dead skin cells, and
some bacteria
Bathing
42
The nurse can appreciate the quantity of oil and dead skin cells produced when observing a person after the removal of a cast that has been on for ? weeks.
6
43
(bath) dilates superficial arterioles, bringing more blood and nourishment to the skin.
A warm or hot bath
44
Rubbing with long smooth strokes from the ??? to ??? parts of extremities (from the point farthest from the body to the point closest) is particularly effective in facilitating venous blood flow return unless there is some underlying condition
distal to proximal
45
Lowers surface tension and thus helps in cleaning. Some contain antibacterial agents, which can change the natural flora of the skin
Soap
46
A disposable cloth saturated with 2% CHG and skin-moisturizing substances. An advantage is continued antimicrobial activity after application. These cloths are often used in critical-care settings.
Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)
47
Used in bathwater; provides an oily film on the skin that softens and prevents chapping. This can make the tub surface slippery, and clients should be instructed about safety measures (e.g., using nonskid
tub surface or mat).
Bath oil
48
Provides a film on the skin that prevents evaporation and therefore chapping.
Skin cream, lotion
49
Can be used to absorb water and prevent friction. For example, applying under the breasts can prevent skin irritation. Some are antibacterial.
Powder
50
Masks or diminishes body odors.
Deodorant
51
Reduces the amount of perspiration.
Antiperspirant
52
Two categories of baths are given to clients:
cleaning and therapeutic.
53
baths that are given chiefly for hygiene purposes
Cleansing baths
54
The nurse washes the entire body of a dependent client in bed.
Complete bed bath
55
Clients confined to bed are able to bathe themselves with help from the nurse for washing the back and perhaps the feet.
Self-help bed bath
56
Only the parts of the client’s body
that might cause discomfort or odor, if neglected, are washed: the
face, hands, axillae, perineal area, and back. Omitted are the arms,
chest, abdomen, legs, and feet.
Partial bath (abbreviated bath).
57
This bath is a commercially prepared product that contains 10 to 12 presoaked disposable washcloths that contain no-rinse cleanser solution. The package is warmed in a microwave.
The warming time is about 1 minute, but the nurse needs to determine how long it takes to attain a desirable temperature. Each area of the body is cleaned with a different cloth and then air dried. Because the body is not rubbed dry, the emollient in the solution remains on the skin.
Bag bath
58
This bath is similar to a bag bath but uses regular towels. It is useful for clients who are bedridden and clients with dementia. The client is covered and kept warm throughout the bathing process by a bath blanket
Towel bath
59
often preferred to bed baths because it is easier to wash and rinse in a tub. These are also used for therapeutic baths. The amount of assistance the nurse offers depends on the abilities of the client. There are specially designed tubs for dependent clients
tub bath
60
are suggested for the newborn because daily tub baths are not considered necessary
Sponge baths
61
Many ambulatory clients are able to use shower facilities and require only minimal assistance from the nurse
Shower
62
baths that are given for physical effects, such as to soothe irritated skin or to treat an area (e.g., the perineum). Medications may be placed in the water
Therapeutic baths
63
A therapeutic bath is generally taken in a tub ??? or ??? full.
one third or one half
64
is needed when bathing clients who are receiving IV therapy.
Caution
65
Close windows and doors to ensure the room is a comfortable temperature. Rationale: Air currents increase loss of heat from the body by ???.
convection
66
Offer the client a bedpan or urinal or ask whether the client wishes to use the toilet or commode. Rationale: ??? and ??? can stimulate the need to void. The client will be more comfortable after voiding, and voiding before cleaning the perineum is advisable.
Warm water and activity
67
retains water and heat better than a cloth loosely held and prevents ends of washcloth from dragging across the skin.
A bath mitt
68
Begin the bath at the ??? area and work downward toward the feet.
cleanest (face)
69
Wipe from the ??? to ??? canthus. Rationale: This prevents
secretions from entering the ???.
inner to the outer;
nasolacrimal ducts
70
Ask whether the client wants soap used on the face.
Rationale: Soap has a ??? effect, and the face, which is exposed to the ??? more than other body parts, tends to be drier.
drying;
air
71
Firm strokes from distal to proximal
areas promote circulation by increasing ???.
venous blood return
72
Apply deodorant or powder if desired. Special caution is needed for clients with respiratory alterations.
Rationale: Powder is not recommended for these clients due to the potential ???.
respiratory adverse effects
73
loosens dirt under the nails. Assist the client as needed to wash, rinse, and dry the hands,
Soaking
74
Avoid submersing the IV site if the dressing site is not a clear, transparent dressing.
Rationale: A clear transparent dressing will ???; however, a gauze dressing becomes contaminated when it becomes wet with the water
keep water from an IV site
75
Because surface skin cells are removed with washing, the bathwater from dark-skinned clients may be dark, however, this does not mean that?
the client is dirty
76
Use powder sparingly. Release as little as possible into the atmosphere. Rationale: This will avoid irritation of the respiratory tract by powder inhalation. Excessive powder can cause ???, which leads to ???
caking;
skin irritation
77
are suggested for the newborn because daily tub baths are not considered necessary.
Sponge baths
78
After the bath, the infant
should be immediately ??? and ???.
dried and wrapped
79
Assist adolescents as needed to choose deodorants and
antiperspirants. Secretions from newly active sweat glands react with bacteria on the skin, causing a ???.
pungent odor
80
To minimize skin dryness in older adults, avoid excessive use of
???. The ideal time to moisturize the skin is [when?].
soap;
immediately after bathing
81
Avoid excessive ??? because it causes moisture loss and is a hazardous inhalant.
powder
82
??? should also be avoided because in the presence of moisture it breaks down into glucose and can facilitate the growth of organisms
Cornstarch
83
is the most common cause of dementia among people ages 65 and older
Alzheimer’s disease
84
Preserving ??? is especially a priority in the residential care environment where more than two thirds of residents have some form of dementia
dignity
85
Perineal-genital care is also referred to as ??? or ???.
This as part of the bed bath is embarrassing for many client
perineal care or pericare
86
Dementia: WTD when a person becomes distressed. It is not normal to have cries, screams, or protests from the person
Stop and assess for causes of the
distress.
87
Pericare: . Nurses should wear ??? while providing this care for
the comfort of the client and to protect themselves from infection.
gloves
88
For a female, cleanse perineal
area from ??? to ???
front to back.
89
For a male, cleanse the urinary meatus by moving in a ??? motion from the center of the urethral opening around the glans
circular
90
(pericare) For Male Clients
* Position the male client in what position
supine position with knees slightly
flexed and hips slightly externally rotated.
91
Clean the labia majora. Then spread the labia to wash the folds
between the labia majora and the labia minora. Rationale:
Secretions that tend to collect around the labia minora facilitate
???
bacterial growth
92
For menstruating women and
clients with indwelling catheters, use ???
clean wipes
93
Wipe from the area of least
contamination (the ???) to that of greatest (the ???).
pubis;
rectum
94
If the client is uncircumcised, retract the ??? (foreskin) to expose the glans penis (the tip of the penis) for cleaning. Replace the foreskin after cleaning the glans penis
prepuce
95
Retracting the foreskin is necessary to remove the ??? (thick, cheesy secretion) that collects under the foreskin and facilitates bacterial growth. Replacing the foreskin prevents constriction of the penis, which may cause ???.
smegma;
edema
96
The ??? tends to be more soiled than the penis because of its proximity to the rectum; thus it is usually cleaned after the penis.
scrotum
97
A catheter may cause ??? around the urethra.
excoriation
98
For postdelivery or menstruating females, apply a ??? as needed from front to back. Rationale: This prevents contamination of the vagina and urethra from the anal area.
perineal pad
99
The ??? is the exposed part of the tooth, which is outside the gum. It is covered with a hard substance called ???
crown,
enamel
100
The root of a tooth is embedded in the jaw and covered by a bony tissue called ???
cementum
101
Teeth usually appear [how many] months after birth.
5 to 8
102
This syndrome occurs when an infant is put to bed with a bottle of formula, milk, or fruit juice
Baby-bottle syndrome
103
By the time children are ? years old, they usually have all 20 of
their temporary teeth
2
104
Many pregnant women experience more ??? from the gingival sulcus during brushing and
increased ??? and ??? of the gingiva (the gum).
bleeding, redness and swelling
105
Teeth turn yellowish in color as a part of the ??? process. Teeth
are normally off-white and with age, the enamel thins and the yellow-gray color of the inner portion of the teeth begins to show
aging
106
Loss of teeth occurs mainly because of ??? (gum disease) rather than dental caries (cavities); however, caries are also common in middle-aged adults
periodontal disease
107
Bad breath
Halitosis
108
Inflammation of the tongue
Glossitis
109
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
110
Gums appear spongy and bleeding
Periodontal disease
111
Reddened or excoriated
mucosa
nursing implications
Check for ill-fitting dentures
112
Excessive dryness of the buccal mucosa
nursing implication
Increase fluid intake as health permits
113
Cracking of lips
Cheilosis
114
Teeth have darkened areas; may be painful
Dental caries
115
Accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms,
and epithelial elements) in the mouth
Sordes
116
Inflammation of the oral mucosa
Stomatitis
117
Inflammation of the parotid salivary glands
Parotitis
118
is an invisible soft film that adheres to the enamel surface of teeth; it consists of bacteria, molecules of saliva, and remnants of epithelial cells and leukocytes.
Plaque
119
is a visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms at the gum lines. Buildup can alter the fibers that attach the teeth to the gum and eventually disrupt bone tissue
Tartar
120
Periodontal disease is characterized by ??? (red, swollen gingiva), bleeding, receding gum lines, and the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums.
gingivitis
121
In advanced periodontal disease (???), the teeth are loose and pus is evident when the gums are pressed
pyorrhea
122
Clients who are receiving or have received radiation treatments to
the head and neck may have permanent damage to salivary glands. This results in a very dry mouth and can often be treated by providing a thick liquid called ???
artificial saliva
123
Two nursing diagnoses related to problems with oral hygiene and
the oral cavity are ?
Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane and Deficient Knowledge
124
The nursing diagnosis that refers
to injury of the lips, soft tissue, buccal cavity, and/or oropharynx
Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane
125
xerostomia
dry mouth
126
Most dentists recommend that dental hygiene should begin when the ??? and be practiced after ???.
first tooth erupts;
each feeding
127
edentulism
(lack of teeth)
128
One of the techniques recommended for brushing teeth is called the ???, which removes plaque and cleans under the gingival margins.
sulcular technique
129
is often recommended because of its antibacterial protection
Fluoride toothpaste
130
Some people have artificial teeth in the form of a ???—a complete
set of teeth for one jaw
plate
131
Those who do not wear their prostheses are prone to ??? of the gums, which results in further tooth loss
shrinkage
132
Assist the client to a ??? position in bed, if health permits. If not, assist the client to a ??? position with the head turned. Rationale: This position prevents liquid from draining down the client’s throat.
sitting;
side-lying
133
Hold the brush against the teeth with the bristles at a ??-degree angle
45
134
Brush the tongue gently with the toothbrush.
Rationale: Brushing removes bacteria and freshens breath. A ??? may be caused by poor oral hygiene and low fluid intake.
Brushing gently and carefully helps prevent ??? or ???
coated tongue;
gagging or vomiting
135
??? loosens food particles and washes out already loosened particles.
Vigorous rinsing
136
Wrap one end of the floss around the ??? finger of each hand
third
137
To floss the upper teeth, use your [which] finger to stretch the floss
thumb and index
138
To floss the lower teeth, use your [which] fingers to stretch the floss.
index
139
If the client cannot remove the dentures, take a tissue or gauze, grasp the upper plate at the front teeth with your thumb and second finger, and move the denture [how] slightly. Rationale: The slight movement breaks the ??? that holds the plate on the roof of the mouth.
up and down;
suction
140
Lower the upper plate, move it out of the mouth, and place it in the ???.
denture container
141
Lift the lower plate, turning it so that the left side, for example, is slightly lower than the right, to remove the plate from the mouth without ??? the lips. Place the lower plate in the denture container
stretching
142
Place a washcloth in the bowl of the sink. Rationale: This prevents ??? if the dentures are dropped.
damage
143
To prevent corrosion, dentures with metal parts should not be ???
soaked overnight
144
Rinse the dentures with ???. Rationale: Rinsing removes the cleaning agent and food particles. If the dentures are stained, soak them in a commercial cleaner.
tepid running water
145
Rinse the client’s mouth by drawing about 10 mL of water or alcohol-free mouthwash into the syringe and injecting it gently into each side of the mouth. Rationale: If the solution is injected with force, some of it may ???
flow down the client’s
throat and be aspirated into the lungs
146
Watch carefully to make sure that all the rinsing solution has run out of the mouth into the basin. If not, suction the fluid from the mouth. Rationale: Fluid remaining in the mouth may be ?
aspirated into the lungs.
147
Beginning at about ?? months of age, brush the child’s teeth
with a soft toothbrush. Use only a toothbrush moistened with
???. Introduce toothpaste later and use one that contains fluoride.
18;
water
148
Decay of the ???is common among older adults.
When the gums recede, the tooth root is more vulnerable to decay
tooth root
149
Remind adults to replace their toothbrush every ??? months
and a child’s toothbrush more frequently.
3 to 4
150
Clients with nasogastric tubes or who are receiving oxygen are
likely to develop dry oral mucous membranes, especially if they
breathe through their mouths. [more or less?] frequent oral hygiene will be needed.
more
151
Many dark-skinned people need to ??? their hair daily because it tends to be dry. This prevents the hair from breaking and the scalp from drying
oil
152
Newborns may have ??? (the fine hair on the body of the fetus, also referred to as down or woolly hair) over their shoulders, back, and
sacrum
lanugo
153
hair that usually appears in early puberty followed in about 6 months by the growth of axillary hair
Pubic hair
154
Chemotherapeutic agents and radiation of the head may cause ??? (hair loss).
alopecia
155
may cause the hair to be thin, dry, and/or brittle.
Hypothyroidism
156
Often accompanied by itching, ???appears as a diffuse scaling of the scalp. In severe cases it involves the auditory canals and the eyebrows.
dandruff
157
Small gray-brown parasites that bite into tissue and suck blood, ???
transmit several diseases to people, in particular Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, and tularemia.
ticks
158
To remove a tick, use a ??? or ??? and grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible
blunt tweezers or gloved fingers
159
(hair)
are parasitic insects that infest mammals.
Lice
160
Infestation with lice is called ???
pediculosis
161
Three common kinds of lice are
Pediculus capitis (the head louse), Pediculus corporis (the body louse), Pediculus pubis (the crab louse).
162
Pediculus corporis tends to cling to ???, so that when a client undresses, theclice may not be in evidence on the body; these lice suck blood fromcthe person and lay their eggs on the clothing
clothing
163
nits
(lice eggs)
164
is a contagious skin infestation by the itch mite.
Scabies
165
The characteristic lesion is the burrow produced by the female mite as it penetrates into the upper layers of the skin.
scabies
166
are short, wavy, brown or black, threadlike lesions most commonly observed between the fingers, creases of the wrists and elbows, beneath breast tissue, and
in the groin area
Burrows
167
The growth of excessive body hair is called ???
hirsutism
168
Hair needs to be brushed or combed [frequency] and washed, [frequency], to keep it clean.
daily;
as needed
169
To be healthy, hair needs to be ???. It has three major functions: It stimulates the circulation of blood in the scalp, it distributes the oil along the hair shaft, and it helps to arrange the hair
brushed daily
170
Excessively matted or tangled hair may be ???
infested with lice
171
generally wash their hair less often than other ethnic groups because the hair is drier. Frequent shampooing could damage their hair
African Americans
172
A commercial product, similar to the bag bath, called a “???” is another approach. It consists of a specially designed cap (looks like a shower cap) placed over the hair
head bath
173
Shampoo an infant’s hair [frequency] to prevent ???
daily;
seborrhea
174
Monitor school-age children for ???
nits (pediculosis)
175
Ensure ??? for older adults when shampooing their hair, because they are susceptible to chilling.
adequate warmth
176
Beards and mustaches also require ???
daily care
177
Philippine belief in Northern regions: believed to strengthen teeth and gums, stains red
nganga
178
white, strongest part of tooth
enamel
179
yellowish part of tooth, softer part
dentin
180
mouthwash that is not recommended because it can be harsh, painful, and is an irritant
alcohol-based mouthwash
181
2 common oral disease
gingivitis
periodontitis
182
dental disease process (5)
plaque
tartar
gingivitis
cavities
periodontitis
183
removing upper dentures can damage ???
palates
184
removing lower dentures can damage ???
lips
185
also a recommended cleanser for dentures
dishwashing liquid
186
what part of dentures should not be brushed
the pink part
187
signs of dentures getting too tight
canker sores on lips and gums
188
best way to store denture
clean water
189
can oral care still be done if the patient is under NPO order?
toothpaste has no calories, so sometimes yes
190
recommended removal of dentures
before bedtime
191
recommended replacing of dentures
5 years or more
192
recommended frequency of denture check-up
annually
193
oral care can also be done by?
family
194
common cause of tonsilitis
poor oral hygiene
195
heart condition common in children because of negligence in oral hygiene
rheumatic heart disease
strep infection can lead to RHD (damaging the mitral valve)
196
oral care is usually done for what type of patients?
ICU, bedridden, geriatics
197
brushing of teeth duration
2 mins
198
severe case of gingivitis where gums are severely infected and tooth roots can break
periodontitis
