Elizabeth Essay Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
When was Edward VI born?
A
October 1537
2
Q
When did Edward fall ill?
A
1552
3
Q
When did Edward die of tuberculosis or chronic infections of the chest?
A
1553
4
Q
Who was Lord Protector from 1547?
A
Edward Seymour, Earl of Somerset
5
Q
What other titles did Somerset gain?
A
Lord High Admiral and Lieutenant-General of the North
6
Q
What was Somerset known as?
A
The ‘Good Duke’
7
Q
Why was Somerset known as the ‘Good Duke’?
A
Attempts to help the poor
8
Q
In what year did England face a major crisis?
A
1549
9
Q
Why was Scotland still a threat?
A
Henry VIII had revived conflict; threat remained especially with weak succession
10
Q
How much had been spent on war with Scotland?
A
£2 million
11
Q
What were the risks of continuing conflict with Scotland?
A
Risk of bankruptcy or French involvement
12
Q
Which faction dominated government?
A
Reformists
13
Q
What was the most common religion in England?
A
Catholicism
14
Q
Which European power posed a significant threat if reform went ahead?
A
Charles V
15
Q
What was the main cause of domestic dissatisfaction?
A
Economic issues like inflation and enclosure
16
Q
Which class would be most affected by attacks on enclosing?
A
Gentry
17
Q
Where did radical Protestants arriving in the 1540s come from?
A
The Netherlands and Germany
18
Q
What did the relaxation of censorship lead to?
A
Circulation of works by Calvin and Luther; anti-Catholic writings
19
Q
What were the first steps of religious reform?
A
Investigation into state of the Church of England, Six Articles repealed, English services promoted
20
Q
When did Parliament meet?
A
November 1547
21
Q
What did the Treason Act achieve?
A
Repealed Six Articles and heresy/treason/censorship laws
22
Q
What was the Chantries Act?
A
Abolished the Chantries and the Catholic practice of praying for souls of the dead
23
Q
When was the Act of Uniformity passed?
A
1549
24
Q
What did the Act of Uniformity achieve?
A
Enforced a single form of worship; services in English; bread and wine offered
25
Who wrote the new Prayer Book of 1549?
Archbishop Cranmer
26
What characterised the 1549 Prayer Book?
Very vague
27
What did Henry's will demand regarding relations with Scotland?
marriage of Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots, not wanted in Scotland
28
When did Francis I die?
1547
29
Who succeeded Francis I?
Henry II
30
How did Henry II assert himself?
renewed Franco-Scottish alliance and sent 4000 warships to Scotland
31
How did Somerset react to France's involvement in Scotland?
land and naval invasion, 16,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, 30 warships, 50 supply ships (2,000 infantry and 500 cavalry in West)
32
Where did Scotland face defeat?
Battle of Pinkie
33
Why was Mary Queen of Scots moved to France?
French troops continued arriving in Scotland and Scottish nobles united against English threat
34
What was the outcome of Somerset's foreign policy?
cost £600,000, cemented links between France and Scotland
35
When and why did Somerset withdraw troops from Scotland?
concerned about domestic unrest in England and threat of possible French invasion
36
When were taxes on sheep and cloth raised?
1548–49
37
Why did investigation of enclosures anger the rich?
landowners feared enclosure would be reversed and they would lose money
38
Why did investigation of enclosures anger the poor?
had high hopes government would help them, but government relied on landowners so help was limited
39
What caused economic unrest?
high inflation, especially on necessities; low wage rises; unreliable harvests
40
When was the Western Rebellion?
1549
41
What were the concerns regarding the dissolution of the monasteries?
gentry families were gaining from the Reformation
42
Why was William Body killed in Cornwall?
killed by mob who resented attempts to remove Catholic statues and images from local church
43
What happened to enclosures in the Rebellion?
hedges and fences torn down
44
When did the isolated riots become a full-scale rebellion?
1549 in response to implementation of new Prayer Book
45
Where did rebels gather?
Crediton
46
What did the rebels do?
advanced past Exeter, did not march on London but brought southwest to a standstill
47
How did Somerset respond to the Western Rebellion?
underestimated seriousness, troops needed in North and coast
48
When was Kett's Rebellion?
1549
49
Where was Kett's Rebellion?
Norfolk
50
What provoked Kett's Rebellion?
poor harvests, inflation, belief that ministers were profiteering
51
What did their demands include?
dismissal of inadequate clergy, suggested Protestant and reformist influence
52
What emerged in May and June 1549?
gangs breaking enclosures
53
Who was Robert Kett?
landowner who agreed to end enclosures and led rebels
54
Where did the rebels set up camp?
Mousehold Heath near Norwich
55
How many men did Kett boast he could call on if attacked?
15000
56
How did the Western Rebellion end?
defeated by royal army mid-August
57
How did Kett's Rebellion end?
defeated by Earl of Warwick, 4,000 deaths
58
What was the criticism of Somerset's response to the rebellions?
slow and ineffectual
59
What were the outcomes of the Western and Kett’s Rebellions?
didn't change policy but weakened Somerset
60
When was Somerset arrested?
October 1549
61
When was Somerset released?
February 1550
62
Why was Somerset rearrested?
rumours he sought to regain power
63
What was Somerset charged with?
treason, plotting to assassinate rivals
64
When was Somerset executed?
January 1552
65
Why did the Earl of Warwick benefit most from Somerset's fall?
led forces that defeated Kett, had government support
66
When did Northumberland/Warwick take charge?
February 1550
67
What titles did Warwick gain?
Duke of Northumberland, Lord President of the Council
68
Which faction was most influential?
Protestant reformers
69
Why did Protestantism become more radical?
influx of reformers, Calvinists, wealth redistribution demands
70
When did Northumberland assemble Parliament?
January 1552
71
What was the Treason Act?
illegal to question Royal Supremacy or Church beliefs
72
What was the Second Act of Uniformity?
clergy and laity required to attend Church of England services or be fined/imprisoned
73
What was the 1552 Prayer Book?
removed Catholic elements, Eucharist symbolic
74
What were the 1553 instructions to bishops?
replace altars with tables, clergy to wear simple garments
75
What was the attack on Church wealth?
commissioners removed gold/silver from churches, driven by government need
76
What were the 1553 42 Articles?
Protestant doctrines influenced by Calvin and Luther, structure remained Catholic
77
What contributed to the spread of Protestantism among the elite?
humanism
78
What was published reflecting Calvinist views in music and church services?
metrical psalms
79
What did Latimer exemplify?
‘Commonwealth man’, criticised landlords, supported social equity
80
What was Northumberland's attitude to Scotland?
sacrificed it to focus on England
81
What were Northumberland’s views of France and Spain?
saw France as counterweight to Catholic Charles V
82
When was the Treaty of Boulogne signed?
1550
83
What was the Treaty of Boulogne?
English defeat, Boulogne surrendered to France
84
What followed the Treaty of Boulogne in Scotland?
garrisons removed, pre-Henry VIII border restored
85
What was the marriage alliance agreed with France?
Edward to marry Henry II’s daughter Elizabeth
86
Who was Secretary of State?
William Cecil
87
Who was in charge of the Treasury?
Thomas Gresham
88
How were Crown finances increased and loans from Europe paid off?
sale of Crown/chantry lands, raised customs and excise
89
How was inflation combatted?
debased coinage recalled and reissued with silver content of 1527
90
What were the harvests like in 1550s?
poor, barely sufficient for population
91
What was happening regarding the cloth trade with the Netherlands?
drop in exports in 1551, trade issues in Antwerp, caused unemployment
92
When was the Sheep Tax (1548) repealed?
1550
93
When was the new Treason Act passed?
1550, censorship restored law and order
94
How was enclosure addressed?
anti-enclosure laws enforced, unpopular commission closed, acts passed to protect farming
95
When was the new poor law passed?
1552
96
What was the new poor law?
parishes had to support the deserving poor
97
How did international trade expand under Northumberland’s encouragement?
1553 ships traded to Gold Coast, renewed attempts at NE passage
98
When was Sebastian Cabot’s company set up?
1552
99
What happened to Sir Hugh Willoughby?
1553 tried to find NE passage, perished, but Chancellor reached Russia and opened trade
100
What was the Muscovy Company?
company to encourage Anglo-Russian trade
101
What were the strengths of Somerset?
inherited problems, was Edward's uncle
102
What were the weaknesses of Somerset?
ineffective, allowed unrest
103
What were the strengths of Northumberland?
restored control with Privy Council help, stabilised nation
104
What were the weaknesses of Northumberland?
lacked link to Edward, worsening foreign affairs, Edward's illness
105
When did Edward fall seriously ill?
January 1553
106
Why was Edward’s illness a concern?
Henry VIII’s will named Catholic Mary as heir, allied with Charles V
107
How did Northumberland justify altering the line of succession?
Mary illegitimate, Henry’s will didn’t consider claims from his sister’s family
108
Who did Northumberland choose as successor?
Lady Jane Grey (married his son in May 1553)
109
What was Edward’s involvement?
signed agreement before death in July 1553 to protect Protestantism
110
Why did Lady Jane Grey not rule?
Mary seen as legitimate, support for conservatism outside London
111
What was the involvement of the Privy Council?
agreed to Northumberland’s plan reluctantly as Edward’s dying wish
112
What were the outcomes of the plan?
coup failed, Northumberland surrendered, Jane and others imprisoned
113
What was Mary’s response?
didn’t want to execute Jane, saw her as a pawn, worried about rebellion
114
What happened to Northumberland and Jane?
Northumberland quickly executed, Jane executed later for treason
