Tudors Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What did the 1486 Act of Resumption allow Henry to do?
A
Recover all lands and revenues lost since the Wars of the Roses
This act was crucial for restoring royal finances.
3
Q
What system did Henry revert to in 1486 for managing royal finances?
A
Chamber system
This system allowed for better control and maximization of income.
4
Q
What was a significant advantage of switching from the Exchequer to the Chamber?
A
Direct control over land revenues and faster access to cash
This change enhanced Henry’s financial management.
5
Q
Name two sources of revenue for Henry VII besides land revenues.
A
- Customs revenues
- Pensions from other powers (e.g., Treaty of Etaples)
These sources contributed to the overall financial success of Henry’s reign.
6
Q
By the end of Henry’s reign, what had his annual income from Crown lands grown to?
A
£40,000
This was a significant increase from £2,000 at the start of his reign.
7
Q
What was the consequence of Henry’s extraordinary taxation?
A
Provoked rebellion
Discontent led to the 1489 Yorkshire and 1497 Cornish rebellions.
8
Q
What was the purpose of the Council Learned in the Law established in 1495?
A
Maintain loyalty and revenue for Henry
It exploited Henry’s prerogative rights and enforced order.
9
Q
What did the increased power of Justices of the Peace (JPs) achieve?
A
Maintained law and order and deterred rebellions
JPs were crucial for centralizing power back to the monarchy.
10
Q
What were Acts of Attainder used for during Henry’s reign?
A
Reduce the power of the nobility and ensure loyalty
They raised revenue and could be reversed as a sanction for good behavior.
11
Q
What was the impact of Henry VII’s financial policies on his rule?
A
They were crucial for the success of his reign
Financial stability allowed for greater authority and control.
12
Q
What was a key feature of Henry’s foreign policy?
A
Securing and gaining international recognition for the Tudor dynasty
This was essential for national security and stability.
13
Q
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489?
A
Marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
This strengthened England’s relations with Spain.
14
Q
What did the Treaty of Etaples in 1492 achieve for Henry?
A
France withdrew support for Yorkist pretender Perkin Warbeck
This was significant for maintaining peace between England and France.
15
Q
What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts passed in 1485-86?
A
Promote and protect English trade
These acts aimed to break the monopoly of the German Hanseatic League.
16
Q
True or False: Henry VII’s foreign policy was primarily focused on trade over security.
A
False
Security was prioritized to stabilize his rule and dynasty.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: Henry VII’s income by 1509 was _______ compared to Louis XII’s income of £800,000.
A
£113,000
This highlights the relative financial weakness of Henry’s reign.
18
Q
What was the significance of the Intercursus Magnus in 1496?
A
Lifted trade embargo on Burgundy and reopened trade links
This was crucial for restoring England’s trade relations.
19
Q
What was the result of the League of Cambrai in 1508 for Henry?
A
He was left out, showing a lack of respect from other foreign powers
This indicated diminishing international prestige towards the end of his reign.
20
Q
How did Henry VII ensure loyalty from the nobility?
A
Through bonds and recognisances
These financial agreements compelled nobles to demonstrate loyalty.
21
Q
What was a consequence of Henry’s harsher policies towards the nobility?
A
Increased anger and potential challenges to his authority
The 1504 Act on Retaining exemplified this tension.
22
Q
What was the League of Cambrai and its significance for Henry VII?
A
A coalition formed in 1508 that excluded Henry VII, indicating a lack of respect and recognition from foreign powers.
23
Q
What personal strength did Henry VII exhibit that helped consolidate his power?
A
His calculating nature and ability to present himself as a capable leader.
24
Q
What was the Act of Attainder?
A
A law allowing the confiscation of nobles’ lands to the king, with 138 acts passed during Henry VII’s reign.
25
What was the significance of Henry VII's coronation in 1485?
It established him as the rightful king before his marriage, emphasizing his legitimacy.
26
Fill in the blank: Henry VII married _______ in 1486 to unite the Lancastrians and Yorkists.
Elizabeth of York
27
What was the outcome of the Battle of Stoke Field in 1487?
Henry VII's army defeated the mercenary army, ending the War of the Roses and strengthening his position.
28
What financial policies did Henry VII implement to consolidate power?
Bonds and recognisances, parliamentary grants, and revenue from crown lands.
29
True or False: The Treaty of Etaples in 1492 provided Henry VII with a French pension of €5,000 per year.
True
30
What was the purpose of the Council Learned in the Law established in 1495?
To maintain subjects' loyalty and enhance the king's revenue through bonds and recognisances.
31
What was the impact of Henry VII's financial policies on landowners?
Some financial policies made him unpopular with landowners, leading to rebellions.
32
What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489?
It promised mutual defense between Spain and England and guaranteed equal trading rights.
33
Fill in the blank: Henry VII's annual income from crown lands grew from €12,000 to _______ by the end of his reign.
€40,000
34
What was the significance of the marriage alliance between Margaret Tudor and James IV?
It eliminated the security threat from Scotland.
35
What were bonds and recognisances used for during Henry VII's reign?
To ensure loyalty from nobles and raise revenue.
36
What was the outcome of Henry VII's foreign policy regarding trade?
Partially successful; faced challenges with Brittany and France but established trade agreements.
37
True or False: Henry VII's financial reforms were entirely successful and popular.
False
38
What was the role of Justices of the Peace (JPs) during Henry VII's reign?
To maintain law and order in the countryside and deter rebellions.
39
What was the 1504 Act on Retaining?
It allowed Henry to fine nobles for retaining too many men, increasing his control over the nobility.
40
How did Henry VII's reign end in terms of financial position compared to other European monarchs?
He had very little wealth compared to major European monarchs, with an income of £13,000.
41
What was the outcome of the 1497 Cornish Rebellion?
It involved Perkin Warbeck and demonstrated challenges to Henry VII's authority.
42
Fill in the blank: Henry VII's reforms had a _______ scope but limited success.
wide
43
What did Henry VII's personal strengths allow him to do?
Consolidate his power and establish himself as a capable leader.
44
What was the significance of the 1486 Act of Resumption?
It allowed Henry to recover all lands and revenues lost since the Wars of the Roses.
45
What was a significant reason for the success of Henry VII's foreign policy?
Secured and gained international recognition for the Tudor dynasty while ensuring national security
## Footnote
Henry VII's foreign policy helped establish his legitimacy and protect his reign.
46
What trade agreement improved relations with Burgundy in 1496?
Intercursus Magnus
## Footnote
This agreement ended the trade embargo and recognized Henry's position as King.
47
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489?
Agreed the marriage alliance of Catherine and Arthur, gaining international recognition and increasing national security
## Footnote
It included an agreement not to harbor pretenders or rebels.
48
What did the Treaty of Ayton achieve in 1497?
Ended hostilities with Scotland and ensured national security
## Footnote
It was followed by the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1502, proposing a marriage alliance.
49
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Etaples in 1492?
Charles agreed to withdraw support for Perkin Warbeck and provided a pension of E5000
## Footnote
This treaty ensured a period of cordiality with France.
50
What was a consequence of Henry VII's poor navigation of foreign policy during the Castilian Crisis?
He became diplomatically isolated and jeopardized the marriage agreement with Catherine
## Footnote
Ferdinand ensured that the marriage would not take place during Henry's lifetime.
51
How did Henry VII limit the power of the nobility?
Through Acts of Attainder, Act of Resumption, and bonds and recognisances
## Footnote
These measures reduced noble power and ensured their loyalty.
52
What was the purpose of the Act of Resumption in 1486?
Recovered all properties granted away since 1455
## Footnote
This increased the Crown's land and power over the nobility.
53
What was the significance of the Council Learned in the Law?
Maintained revenue and exploited Henry's prerogative rights
## Footnote
It supervised the collection of bonds and recognisances.
54
What did the 1504 Act on Retaining allow Henry VII to do?
Fine nobles for retaining
## Footnote
This led to increased discontent among nobles towards the end of his reign.
55
What was a key element of Henry VII's consolidation of power?
Marriage alliances to secure the Tudor dynasty
## Footnote
The Treaty of Medina Del Campo and Treaty of Perpetual Peace were significant examples.
56
What did Henry VII achieve with the Treaty of Etaples?
Gained security from France and a French pension
## Footnote
This treaty marked an important step in maintaining peace with France.
57
What was a primary goal of Henry VII's foreign policy?
Preserve the Tudor Dynasty
## Footnote
This involved securing dynastic recognition and national security.
58
What were the Navigation Acts of 1485-86 intended to do?
Promote and protect English trade
## Footnote
They aimed to break the monopoly of the German Hanseatic League.
59
What did the Holy League of Venice signify for Henry VII?
Gained trust and respect among other powerful leaders
## Footnote
He joined in 1496 to drive the French King out of England.
60
What was a consequence of Henry VII's financial policies?
Raised revenue but provoked rebellions
## Footnote
Taxation led to the Yorkshire and Cornish rebellions.
61
Fill in the blank: The Act of Attainder allowed Henry VII to _______.
Confiscate nobles' land
## Footnote
This act was a powerful tool for asserting royal authority.
62
True or False: The Treaty of Windsor in 1506 returned the Earl of Suffolk to Henry VII.
True
## Footnote
This action improved the security of the Tudor dynasty.
63
What was one of the main outcomes of the 1496 Intercursus Magnus?
Lifted the trade embargo on Burgundy
## Footnote
This opened trade links with major cities, especially Antwerp.
64
What did the Treaty of Redon in 1489 entail?
Brittany paid for an English army to protect them from France
## Footnote
It demonstrated Henry's willingness to act decisively in foreign affairs.
65
How did Henry VII's personal strengths contribute to his rule?
Showed himself as a capable leader through his calculating nature
## Footnote
His coronation before marriage established his legitimacy.
66
What was a key factor in Henry VII's success against Yorkist pretenders?
Weakness of Yorkists and lack of support
## Footnote
This allowed Henry to suppress rival claims effectively.
67
What was the financial impact of the Treaty of Etaples?
Established a French pension of E5000 per year
## Footnote
This significantly improved Henry's financial position.
68
What was Henry VII's approach towards the nobility towards the end of his reign?
Became harsher, exemplified by the 1504 Act on Retaining
## Footnote
This led to increased noble discontent.
69
What was the increase in Crown lands from El 2,000 per year to?
€40,000
70
What was the total revenue Henry received from extraordinary taxation?
E400,000
71
What were the consequences of Henry's increase in taxation?
Anger among the people, leading to the 1489 Yorkshire and 1497 Cornish rebellions
72
What was the role of the Council Learned in the Law established in 1495?
To maintain subjects' loyalty and the king's revenue
73
What did the Act of Resumption in 1486 accomplish?
Recovered for the Crown all properties granted away since 1455
74
How did Henry VII strengthen the power of Justices of the Peace (JPs)?
By passing various Acts of Parliament to give them more responsibilities
75
What was the outcome of the 1497 Cornish Rebellion?
Involvement of Perkin Warbeck
76
What was one method Henry used to limit the power of the nobility?
Acts of Attainder
77
What was the financial impact of the 1504 Act on Retaining?
Allowed Henry to fine Lord Burgavenny and others a total of €70,550
78
What was the main challenge facing Henry VII's rule from 1485 to 1509?
Rebellions
79
What major foreign threat did Henry face regarding Scotland?
Harboring Warbeck and providing him funds
80
What was the significance of the Treaty of Etaples in 1492?
Provided England with 750,000 crowns
81
What happened to the number of nobles during Henry's reign?
The number of nobility fell by a percentage
82
Who supported Simnel in his rebellion?
Elizabeth Woodville
83
What did the Treaty of Medina del Campo accomplish?
Ended Spanish retaliation to the Navigation Acts
84
What was the financial situation of Henry VII compared to other European rulers by 1509?
Henry's income was El 13,000, whereas Louis XII's income was E800,000
85
What was Henry's approach to controlling Parliament?
Used it to control nobles and avoid costly wars
86
Fill in the blank: Henry VII's financial control involved _______ for good behavior.
Acts of Attainder
87
True or False: Henry VII successfully eliminated all rebellions during his reign.
False
88
What was the impact of the Council Learned in the Law on Henry's authority?
Maintained revenue but became unpopular
89
What did Henry rely on JPs to do?
Maintain law and order in the countryside
90
What was the outcome of the 1491-97 Warbeck rebellion?
Warbeck was executed
91
What was the purpose of the 1487 moved finances to the Privy Chamber?
To restore control over royal finances
92
What was the role of the Star Chamber established in 1487?
To ensure the king's authority was upheld
93
What did the Intercursus Magnus in 1496 achieve?
Provided a solid base for trade relationships and ended the trade embargo
94
What did Henry do to reduce the power of nobles through financial means?
Implemented bonds and recognisances
95
What was the outcome of the 1503 CLIL regarding noble finances?
Empson and Dudley controlled nobles' finances
96
What did the 1486 Act of Resumption recover?
All properties granted away since 1455
97
What was the significance of the 1495 Holy League?
It was an anti-French alliance that Henry was involved with
98
Fill in the blank: By 1509, Henry VII's annual income was _______ compared to other European monarchs.
very low
99
What did JPs grant in 1491?
Bail
## Footnote
JPs also began vetting juries in 1495.
100
What was required by the retaining law of 1504?
A special license to retain and E5/month per illegal retainer
## Footnote
This law aimed to control the practice of retaining among the nobility.
101
Who invented JPs?
Edward IV
## Footnote
JPs were fluid and only met four times a year.
102
What was the purpose of the Star Chamber established in 1487?
To control the nobility and enforce law
## Footnote
It was disbanded by Henry VIII in 1509.
103
What were the key rebellions against Henry VII?
Warbeck (1491-97), Simnel (1486-87), Yorkshire tax revolt (1489), Cornish tax revolt (1497)
## Footnote
Both Warbeck and Simnel aimed to remove Henry from the throne.
104
What foreign threat did Henry VII face related to Scotland?
Scotland harboured Warbeck and gave him E1,200
## Footnote
This support was part of Scotland's attempts to challenge Henry's rule.
105
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Etaples in 1492?
England received 750,000 crowns and stopped French support for Warbeck
## Footnote
This treaty marked a significant diplomatic achievement for Henry VII.
106
How did Henry VII control the nobility financially?
46/138 attainders reversed, 2/3 of nobles under bonds
## Footnote
Financial control was a key aspect of his strategy to maintain authority.
107
What was the significance of the Act of Resumption in 1485-6?
Returned noble lands to the crown
## Footnote
It was part of Henry VII's strategy to consolidate power.
108
Fill in the blank: Henry VII's foreign policy aimed to secure the _______.
Tudor succession
109
What was the purpose of the Intercursus Magnus in 1496?
To establish trade relationships and end the trade embargo
## Footnote
This treaty was significant for England's economic interests.
110
True or False: Henry VII faced significant challenges from individual rivals such as Elizabeth Woodville and the Earl of Warwick.
True
## Footnote
These rivals supported pretenders to the throne.
111
What was the impact of the Breton Crisis (1488-92) on Henry VII?
Required raising E10,000 for military involvement
## Footnote
This crisis highlighted the limitations of his foreign policy.
112
What economic achievement did Henry VII accomplish by 1509?
Increased income from E50,000 to E113,000
## Footnote
This increase contributed to a treasury of 1.5-2 million.
113
How did Henry VIII's approach to government differ from that of Henry VII?
Preferred a government ruled by chief ministers
## Footnote
Henry VII focused on a council-based approach.
114
What was the significance of the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489?
Ended Spanish retaliation to the Navigation Acts
## Footnote
It was a diplomatic high point for England.
115
What were the financial consequences of Henry VIII's foreign wars?
Led to borrowing, selling monastic lands, and inflation
## Footnote
His lavish spending strained the treasury built by Henry VII.
116
How did the Council of the North function under Henry VII?
Ensured obedience to Henry's authority in the north
## Footnote
This was part of his strategy to maintain control over distant regions.
117
What was the outcome of the 1504 retaining law?
Required special licenses for retaining and imposed fines
## Footnote
This aimed to limit the power of the nobility.
118
Fill in the blank: Henry VII's financial legacy was largely ______ by Henry VIII's spending.
destroyed
119
What was Henry VIII's primary objective regarding the Tudor dynasty?
To secure the Tudor dynasty
## Footnote
This desire influenced many of his decisions, including those related to foreign relations and marriage.
120
How did Henry VIII's reign initially affect foreign relations and finances?
Foreign relations became poor and finances worsened
## Footnote
Despite these issues, the government structure did not radically change in the early part of Henry VIII's reign.
121
Who was Wolsey and what was his role during Henry VIII's reign?
Wolsey was a minister who pursued his own agenda, known as 'Alter Rex'
## Footnote
He rose to power due to the conciliar government and introduced significant judicial reforms.
122
What major judicial reform did Wolsey implement?
Creation of the Court of Chancery
## Footnote
Wolsey oversaw this court and made reforms to the Star Court from 1516 onward.
123
What was the Amicable Grant of 1525?
An attempt to gain one-third of the clergy's goods in benevolences
## Footnote
Wolsey was in charge of this difficult task.
124
What was the Tudor Subsidy of 1523?
A national committee created to assess wealth for tax purposes
## Footnote
This was a direct result of Henry's desire to go to war with France.
125
What significant role did Cromwell play in Henry VIII's administration?
Cromwell was responsible for financial and religious reforms
## Footnote
He established the Court of First Fruits and Tenths in 1540.
126
What did the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) accomplish?
It allowed England to handle divorce proceedings without papal approval
## Footnote
This was crucial for Henry's annulment from Catherine of Aragon.
127
What was significant about the dissolution of monasteries?
Cromwell was responsible for it, diminishing the Pope's influence
## Footnote
The dissolution allowed the crown to control a significant portion of land in England.
128
What was the Treaty of London (1518) and its significance?
An international non-aggression pact involving over 20 European rulers
## Footnote
This treaty aimed to create a balance of power but ultimately failed.
129
What was a major military success for Henry VIII against Scotland?
The Battle of Flodden in 1513
## Footnote
This battle resulted in the death of King James IV and many Scottish nobles.
130
How did Henry VIII's military campaigns impact his finances?
They were extremely costly and drained the royal treasury
## Footnote
Henry spent £1.4 million on wars while his ordinary income was only £110,000 per year.
131
What was the significance of the Act of Supremacy (1534)?
It declared Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England
## Footnote
This act was crucial in establishing royal control over religious matters.
132
What was the outcome of the dissolution of monasteries by 1536?
The crown gained control of a third of land in England
## Footnote
This significantly increased the crown's wealth and power.
133
What was the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)?
A rebellion against the dissolution of monasteries led by Robert Aske
## Footnote
It included 40,000 men and resulted in Henry executing many participants.
134
What were the Court of Augmentations and Court of First Fruits and Tenths established for?
To manage finances gained from the dissolution of monasteries
## Footnote
These courts were staffed by professionals based on merit.
135
What was the impact of Cromwell's reforms on the Privy Council?
Reduced from 80 to 20 members, making it more efficient
## Footnote
Cromwell's role as Principal Secretary enabled better management of government.
136
What was the significance of the Crown Act of Ireland (1534)?
Established Henry VIII's authority over Ireland
## Footnote
It marked a significant step in consolidating royal power.
137
What were the financial implications of Henry VIII's wars?
They led to significant economic turmoil in England
## Footnote
This was due to excessive spending on military campaigns.
138
What was the main failure of Henry VIII's foreign policy from 1509 to 1525?
Failure to achieve long-term power and prestige in Europe
## Footnote
Economic disasters and political isolation contributed to this failure.
139
What were the main reasons for Henry VIII's failure to achieve his foreign policy objectives?
Economic disasters, political isolation, inability to maintain dominance in treaties
## Footnote
England was manipulated by other nations, such as Charles V's manipulation in Pavia
140
What significant religious change occurred in England between 1532 and 1553?
The dissolution of the monasteries, leading to the closure of over 800 monasteries
## Footnote
This was primarily orchestrated by Cromwell
141
What was the Valour Ecclesiasticus?
A survey conducted in 1535 to assess the value of monastic lands and properties
## Footnote
Led to reports of corruption and the beginning of the dissolution of monasteries
142
What was the Act of Dissolution for Smaller Monasteries?
Introduced in 1536, it ordered the closure of 300 religious houses
## Footnote
This act led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, a religious rebellion
143
How many monasteries had been dissolved by 1540?
Over 800 monasteries
## Footnote
The number of clergy declined to 10,000
144
What significant action did Henry VIII take in 1532 regarding the Church?
Demanded the submission of clergy, giving him power to choose bishops
## Footnote
This started the process of the Break with Rome
145
What was the Act of Supremacy?
A 1534 act that acknowledged Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England
## Footnote
This significantly decreased the power of the pope
146
What was the Chantries Act of 1547?
An act that dissolved 2734 chantries, aiming to end the Catholic practice of praying for the dead
## Footnote
This was part of Somerset's moderate reforms
147
What did the Act of Uniformity of 1549 require?
Imposed a single standard of worship across England, requiring English to be used in churches
## Footnote
This was a significant breach of Catholic traditions
148
What was the significance of the 1552 Second Act of Uniformity?
Made it an offence for clergy and laity not to attend Church of England services
## Footnote
This marked a move towards full Protestantism
149
What changes did the 1552 Prayer Book implement?
Removed all traces of Catholicism and the mass
## Footnote
This significantly altered the Church of England's practices
150
Who is considered the main instigator of the Break with Rome?
Thomas Cromwell
## Footnote
He believed Henry should have more authority than the Pope
151
What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
A rebellion in 1536 caused by the closure of monasteries, led by Lord Darcy and Robert Aske
## Footnote
Involved 27,000 rebels and highlighted widespread discontent
152
What were the economic causes of Kett's Rebellion in 1549?
Enclosure and poor harvests leading to unemployment and land disputes
## Footnote
Rebels demanded an end to the enclosure of common land
153
What was the primary aim of the Wyatt Rebellion in 1554?
To dethrone Mary I and replace her with Elizabeth
## Footnote
The rebellion was fueled by anti-Spanish sentiment
154
What was the outcome of the Ridolfi Plot of 1571?
Norfolk was executed for treason and Mary remained imprisoned
## Footnote
The plot aimed to place Mary on the throne by marrying her to Norfolk
155
True or False: The English Church was firmly Protestant under Northumberland.
True
## Footnote
Significant changes were made to remove Catholic influence
156
Fill in the blank: The Act of Supremacy acknowledged Henry VIII as the _______.
head of the Church of England
157
What was the main cause of the Western Rebellion in 1549?
Opposition to Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer
## Footnote
Rebels aimed to restore Catholic practices
158
What was the impact of agricultural enclosure on peasants?
Peasants had nowhere for their animals as landowners used the land for themselves due to increased demand for goods.
## Footnote
This was evident during poor harvests in 1549.
159
Who led the Kett rebellion and what was the outcome?
Led by Robert Kett; 14,000 troops were sent to suppress it, Kett was convicted of treason and hanged.
## Footnote
This rebellion highlighted issues related to enclosures.
160
What triggered the Wyatt rebellion in 1554?
Mary's marriage to Philip, which led to fears of political exclusion among gentry and anti-Spanish sentiment.
## Footnote
Many wanted Elizabeth on the throne instead.
161
What was the size of the force raised by Wyatt, and what happened to them?
Wyatt raised a force of 3,000 men, but they were repelled and forced to surrender within a month.
## Footnote
Mary was lenient with the rebels, with 40 executed.
162
What were the consequences of the Wyatt rebellion?
Demonstrated popular hostility to the Spanish marriage and resulted in Elizabeth being imprisoned in the Tower of London.
## Footnote
The rebellion was also influenced by Mary's religious policies.
163
What was a major economic issue during Henry VIII's reign?
Henry spent £2 million on wars in the 1540s, leading to economic depression and price rises.
## Footnote
Debasement of coinage from 1544-1551 led to inflation.
164
What was the inflation rate from 1500 to 1550?
Inflation rose by 50% during this period.
## Footnote
Population grew to 3 million by the mid-16th century.
165
What was the impact of the dissolution of monasteries?
Loss of welfare, education, and charity for the poor, contributing to societal issues.
## Footnote
This was a significant consequence of the Reformation.
166
What was a key factor for the Western rebellion of 1549?
Opposition to Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer and the desire to revert to Catholic practices.
## Footnote
The rebellion was also influenced by economic hardship.
167
What was the purpose of the Act of Uniformity under Edward VI?
To impose a single standard of worship and reduce religious confusion.
## Footnote
This included changes to the sacraments.
168
What was the societal issue faced by Tudor monarchs?
Significant lack of welfare due to the loss of monasteries and population growth.
## Footnote
This was exacerbated by poor harvests and economic troubles.
169
What was the public's reaction to the burnings of Protestants under Mary I?
There was little contention; public spectacles did not lead to strong reactions against the burnings.
## Footnote
The impact of martyrdom on the public was unclear.
170
What did the Act of Supremacy of 1534 establish?
It declared the King as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, removing the Pope's authority.
## Footnote
This was a significant structural change in the English church.
171
How did the religious landscape change from 1532 to 1553 in terms of doctrine?
Catholic teachings were replaced by Protestant doctrines, including the rejection of most sacraments.
## Footnote
The Act of Ten Articles and subsequent Acts of Uniformity were key to these changes.
172
What was one notable societal response to religious changes during Henry VIII's reign?
The Pilgrimage of Grace, which involved 40,000 rebels opposing the dissolution of monasteries.
## Footnote
This uprising indicated significant dissatisfaction with religious reforms.
173
What was the significance of the 1553 prayer book?
It was widely circulated, with 190,000 copies, sustaining a Protestant underground.
## Footnote
This indicates a level of popular support for Protestantism despite official repression.
174
What was the impact of the 1548 anti-enclosure legislation?
It aimed to address grievances related to the enclosure of common land.
## Footnote
This was part of the broader response to economic and social issues.
175
What was a key factor that limited the success of the Reformation in England?
Public reluctance to abandon traditional practices and slow acceptance of radical changes.
## Footnote
Many preferred to conform to their own religious ideals despite government dictates.
176
What was the primary cause of the Wyatt rebellion according to historical analysis?
It was more motivated by political concerns regarding Mary's marriage than purely religious factors.
## Footnote
This suggests that the public's religious opposition was not as strong as political motivations.
