Elizabeth (Predicted) Flashcards
Predicted Topics (168 cards)
1
Q
What did the Puritans hope for during Elizabeth I’s succession in 1555?
A
They hoped for the return of the Church of England to Protestantism after the reign of Mary I
The Puritans were optimistic about a Protestant shift under Elizabeth after the Catholic rule of Mary I.
2
Q
What elements of the Religious Settlement did Puritan clergymen begin to challenge in the 1560s?
A
They challenged the inclusion of Catholic elements, such as crucifixes and vestments
They demanded the removal of these elements, believing they were too Catholic.
3
Q
What was the Act of Supremacy?
A
It established Elizabeth as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England
This act was crucial for asserting her authority over church matters.
4
Q
How did Elizabeth respond to the challenges posed by the Puritans?
A
She used a combination of compromise and punishment
This strategy was effective in managing the Puritan challenge.
5
Q
What conflict arose from the inclusion of the crucifix in the Act of Uniformity?
A
Puritans considered crucifixes as idols, which they believed was a sin against God
Elizabeth liked crucifixes but feared upsetting English Catholics.
6
Q
What did some Puritan bishops threaten if crucifixes were not removed?
A
They threatened to resign
This showed the seriousness of their opposition to crucifixes.
7
Q
What was Elizabeth’s decision regarding the crucifix?
A
She allowed Puritans to remove the crucifix
Elizabeth prioritized keeping Puritan bishops in position over maintaining the crucifix.
8
Q
What did Elizabeth want all clergymen to wear during church services?
A
Special vestments
This was part of her effort to maintain the appearance of the Church of England.
9
Q
What document did the Archbishop of Canterbury publish in 1566 regarding vestments?
A
The ‘Book of Advertisements’
This book provided further guidance on the wearing of vestments.
10
Q
Why were elaborate vestments an issue for Puritan clergymen?
A
Some believed priests should not wear different clothing than their congregation
Others argued for plain and simple vestments.
11
Q
What action did Elizabeth take against clergymen who refused to wear approved vestments?
A
She fired those who refused to attend the event held by the Archbishop of Canterbury
This event aimed to educate Puritan bishops on the importance of vestments.
12
Q
What factors influenced Elizabeth’s response to the Puritan threat?
A
She needed Protestant supporters and was wary of Catholic attacks
The threat from English Catholicism was more significant than from the Puritans.
13
Q
What was the majority belief among Elizabeth’s subjects in 1555?
A
Most subjects were Catholic
Historians believe that this majority influenced Elizabeth’s policies.
14
Q
Where was the majority of England’s Puritan population located?
A
In the South-East and London
This geographical concentration was significant for Puritan influence.
15
Q
What did Elizabeth calculate regarding the Puritans’ capacity to threaten her reign?
A
She calculated they would not create a plot to overthrow her
The Puritans lacked an alternative monarch and foreign support.
16
Q
Who did many English Catholics believe was the legitimate heir to the throne?
A
Mary, Queen of Scots
This belief strengthened the Catholic threat against Elizabeth.
17
Q
True or False: Elizabeth made more concessions to the Puritans than to the Catholics.
A
False
She needed to make more concessions to Catholics due to their support from the Pope and foreign countries.
18
Q
What was the primary role of the Privy Council in Elizabethan government?
A
To give the monarch advice on key decisions, enact the monarch’s wishes, and monitor other government organizations.
The Privy Council met with the monarch three times a week and consisted of around 19 members chosen by Elizabeth.
19
Q
Who made up the House of Lords in Elizabethan Parliament?
A
Nobles and bishops chosen by the monarch.
The House of Commons consisted of nobility and gentry chosen by election.
20
Q
What powers did Parliament hold during Elizabeth’s reign?
A
- Approved extraordinary tax
- Passed Acts of Parliament for law changes
- Gave the monarch advice on key decisions
Elizabeth opened Parliament ten times during her reign.
21
Q
What was the role of courtiers in the Elizabethan court?
A
- Entertain the monarch
- Show wealth and power
- Attempt to influence the monarch’s views
Courtiers were members of nobility invited by the monarch.
22
Q
What were the responsibilities of Lord Lieutenants?
A
- Train and assemble the local militia
- Ensure community adherence to Elizabeth’s policies
- Supervise the Justices of the Peace
Lord Lieutenants were chosen from the nobility and often worked in the Privy Council.
23
Q
What is the role of Justices of the Peace in Elizabethan government?
A
- Collect poor relief
- Act as judges in serious crimes
- Ensure community adherence to Elizabeth’s policies
Justices of the Peace were large landowners chosen by Lord Lieutenants and held an unpaid position.
24
Q
What powers did the Queen possess in Elizabethan England?
A
- Declare war and sign treaties
- Open and close Parliament
- Pass or reject laws
- Become a judge in important legal cases
- Bestow land, titles, and positions
The Queen’s power was justified by the belief in the Divine Rights of Kings.
25
What belief justified the monarch's ultimate power in Elizabethan times?
The Divine Rights of Kings.
## Footnote
This belief held that God chose the monarch to rule, giving them ultimate authority.
26
Who was the first Secretary of State for Elizabeth, and what was his title?
Sir William Cecil, titled Lord Burghley.
## Footnote
He served as Secretary of State from 1558 to 1573.
27
What were the responsibilities of the Secretary of State?
* Advise the queen on key decisions
* Ensure the queen's safety
* Monitor Elizabeth's government
## Footnote
Elizabeth had two Secretaries of State from 1558 to 1588: Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham.
28
True or False: The monarch could always ignore the advice of the Privy Council and Parliament.
True.
## Footnote
The monarch reserved the right to make her own decisions regardless of the advice given.
29
Fill in the blank: The _______ was the most important position in Elizabeth's government.
Secretary of State
30
Why was the North of England more Catholic?
It was further away from the monarch in London
## Footnote
Other factors include that Protestantism had not reached isolated communities and clergy influenced Northerners against Protestantism.
31
Why was the South-East of England more Protestant?
Closest to the monarch’s influence in London
## Footnote
Established links to Protestant states like the Netherlands and Germany.
32
What was the significance of the Huguenots in England?
Persecuted Protestants who fled from Europe usually settled in the south of England
## Footnote
An example of this group is the Huguenots from France.
33
What radicalized some Protestants during Mary I's reign?
The actions of Mary I
## Footnote
English Protestants fled to escape being burnt at the stake.
34
What did the Puritans want to achieve?
They wanted to 'purify' Christianity
## Footnote
Their beliefs included ridding Christianity of features not found in the Bible.
35
What was Elizabeth's view on Puritanism?
The Puritans presented a threat to her authority
## Footnote
They did not believe the monarch should be the Head of the Church.
36
What did Puritans believe about church decoration?
Churches should have no decoration
## Footnote
This was to avoid distracting worshippers.
37
What was the hierarchy belief of Catholics?
The Pope in Rome is the Head of the Church.
38
What was the hierarchy belief of Protestants?
The King or Queen should be the Head of the Church.
39
What was the hierarchy belief of Puritans?
No one should be Head of the Church.
40
What should the inside of churches look like according to Catholics?
Churches should have stained-glass windows and expensive icons such as statues and pictures.
41
What should the inside of churches look like according to Protestants?
Churches should have an altar and stained-glass windows, but no icons.
42
What should the inside of churches look like according to Puritans?
Churches should have no decoration.
43
What was the belief about priests in Catholicism?
Priests are not allowed to marry and their vestments should be beautifully decorated.
44
What was the belief about priests in Protestantism?
Priests have the choice to marry and should wear special vestments with limited decoration.
45
What was the belief about priests in Puritanism?
Priests have the option to marry and should wear plain black vestments.
46
What language should the Bible and church services be in according to Catholics?
The Bible and church services should be in Latin.
47
What language should the Bible and church services be in according to Protestants?
The Bible and church services in England should be in English.
48
What was the purpose of Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement?
To find a ‘middle way’ between Catholicism and Protestantism.
49
What title did Elizabeth give herself in the Act of Supremacy?
Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
50
What was a major change from Henry VIII's title in the Act of Supremacy?
Elizabeth used 'Supreme Governor' instead of 'Head of the Church.'
51
What was required of government officials and clergy under the Act of Supremacy?
They had to take an oath accepting Elizabeth’s authority.
52
What did the Act of Uniformity ensure?
All churches looked the same and delivered equivalent church services.
53
What was one impact of the Act of Uniformity on church practices?
Churches were allowed to have decorations and the congregation could sing hymns.
54
What was the requirement for priests under the Act of Uniformity?
Priests had to wear special vestments and could marry if they chose to.
55
What were Recusants fined for?
One-shilling fine for every absence from church.
56
What were the Royal Injunctions intended to support?
The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity.
57
What was a requirement for clergy under the Royal Injunctions?
Clergy had to teach that the Queen was in charge of the Church.
58
What was banned under the Royal Injunctions?
Pilgrimages and worshipping of ‘fake miracles’.
59
What was the primary reason for the necessity of a spy network in Elizabethan England?
To address religious tensions and threats to Elizabeth's rule.
60
What significant document did Elizabeth release in 1559?
The Religious Settlement.
61
Who was the Secretary of State before Sir Francis Walsingham?
Sir William Cecil.
62
What role did Sir Francis Walsingham play in Elizabethan England?
He developed a spy network that intercepted and disrupted treasonous plans.
63
What were Walsingham's methods aimed at stopping?
Attempts on Elizabeth's life.
64
Who attempted to overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne?
Extreme Catholics.
65
What was one of Walsingham's major accomplishments in his role?
Restoring law and order and limiting foreign Catholic influence.
66
Where did Walsingham flee during the reign of Mary I?
Padua, Italy.
67
What intensified Walsingham's Protestant beliefs?
His time abroad.
68
What languages was Walsingham fluent in due to his time in Europe?
Italian and French.
69
What did Walsingham do upon suspecting Roberto Ridolfi of plotting against Elizabeth?
He interrogated him.
70
What did the letters captured from Ridolfi contain?
A plan to overthrow Elizabeth.
71
In what year did Elizabeth ask Walsingham to become her Secretary of State?
1573.
72
How did Walsingham's Puritan faith influence his actions?
It motivated him to fight all Catholic threats.
73
What was a key feature of Walsingham's spy network?
It had different sections with varied roles and responsibilities.
74
What did Walsingham create that was described as a large and ruthless system?
A system of surveillance, investigation, and punishment.
75
How did Elizabeth view Walsingham's methods against Catholics?
As more severe than she wanted.
76
What did Elizabeth do in response to the evidence provided by Walsingham about Mary?
She executed Mary.
77
What event pressured Elizabeth to punish Mary after the Northern Earls' Revolt?
The Babington Plot.
78
Fill in the blank: Walsingham's network provided the government with enough evidence of Mary's involvement in _______.
Catholic plots.
79
What was the main challenge posed by the Ridolfi Plot to Elizabeth?
It highlighted a serious Catholic threat both within England and from abroad.
## Footnote
The plot prompted Elizabeth to increase surveillance of Mary, Queen of Scots, and tighten laws against Catholics.
80
What significant action did the Pope take regarding Elizabeth in 1570?
The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth through a papal bull, calling upon loyal Catholics to depose her.
## Footnote
This action intensified the Catholic threat to Elizabeth's rule.
81
Who was the primary figure behind the Ridolfi Plot?
Roberto Ridolfi, a banker from Florence, Italy.
## Footnote
He was one of the Pope’s spies in England and organized the plan.
82
What was the role of Mary, Queen of Scots, in the Ridolfi Plot?
She was to marry the Duke of Norfolk and become Queen of England.
## Footnote
Mary was imprisoned by Elizabeth after fleeing to England.
83
What was the Duke of Norfolk's position in the Ridolfi Plot?
He was to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, and lead a rebellion against Elizabeth.
## Footnote
Norfolk was respected and came from an ancient noble family.
84
What was Philip II of Spain's motivation in supporting the Ridolfi Plot?
He hated Elizabeth for rejecting his marriage proposal and changing England's religion to Protestantism.
## Footnote
Philip intended to send troops to support the plot.
85
Fill in the blank: The step-by-step plan of the Ridolfi Plot included: Elizabeth is murdered, ________, MQS marries Duke of Norfolk, Mary becomes queen and England is Catholic again.
Spanish invasion of England
86
What evidence did Ridolfi bring to his meeting with Philip II and the Duke of Alba?
A signed letter from the Duke of Norfolk confirming his support for the rebellion against Elizabeth.
## Footnote
Historians debate the authenticity of this letter.
87
Who uncovered the Ridolfi Plot and how?
Sir William Cecil uncovered the plot through interrogations of Norfolk's servants and coded letters found in Norfolk's house.
## Footnote
Cecil's efforts prevented the plot from being enacted.
88
What were the short-term consequences of the Ridolfi Plot?
The Duke of Norfolk was put on trial for high treason and executed in June 1572.
## Footnote
Elizabeth refused to punish Mary, keeping her as a threat.
89
What long-term consequence did the Ridolfi Plot have on English Catholics?
From 1574, English Catholics began smuggling priests into the country and hiding them in 'priest holes'.
## Footnote
This was in response to increasing persecution.
90
What anti-Catholic laws were passed in 1581?
Two laws: increase in the recusancy fine to £20 and extension of treason to converting people to Catholicism.
## Footnote
These laws reflected Elizabeth's increasing intolerance towards Catholics.
91
True or False: The laws enacted in 1581 stopped Catholic plots against Elizabeth.
False
## Footnote
The new laws increased persecution but did not eliminate the threat.
92
What support did Mary secure in the Throckmorton Plot?
Money from Spain and soldiers from France
## Footnote
This support was intended to help overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism.
93
Who invaded England with the support secured by Mary in the Throckmorton Plot?
The French Duke of Guise
## Footnote
He aimed to overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne.
94
What was the outcome for Mary if the Throckmorton Plot succeeded?
Mary would become queen and Catholicism would be restored
## Footnote
This was a central goal of the plot.
95
Why is there limited information about the Throckmorton Plot's beginnings?
Plotters destroyed many letters and used torture to extract confessions
## Footnote
This led to unreliable testimonies and the concealment of evidence.
96
What did Walsingham, Elizabeth’s spymaster, want to achieve before acting on Throckmorton?
Obtain enough evidence to charge Throckmorton with treason
## Footnote
He needed to clarify the conspiracy's details and Mary’s involvement.
97
What was discovered during the search of Throckmorton’s house in June 1583?
Papers showing communication with multiple Catholic nobles in England
## Footnote
This indicated broader conspiratorial connections.
98
When was Throckmorton arrested?
November 1583
## Footnote
His arrest followed the investigation into his activities and connections.
99
What did Throckmorton claim about the progress of the plot?
It had gone no further than the planning stage
## Footnote
He stated this while awaiting promised funds from Philip II.
100
What action did Elizabeth take against Throckmorton after the plot was revealed?
Charged him with treason and executed him in May 1584
## Footnote
This was part of the government's response to the threat posed by the plot.
101
What was a significant long-term consequence of the Throckmorton Plot?
11,000 Catholics were arrested or kept under surveillance
## Footnote
This highlighted the increased scrutiny and repression of Catholics in England.
102
What did the government do in response to the implications of the Throckmorton Plot?
Arrested Lord Henry Howard and Henry Percy
## Footnote
Percy's subsequent suicide and Howard's release indicated the varying consequences for nobles involved.
103
What legislation was passed in 1585 as a result of the Throckmorton Plot?
An Act stating that anyone who helped or sheltered Catholic priests would face death
## Footnote
This reflected the government's harsh stance against Catholic sympathizers.
104
True or False: Mary faced punishment after the Throckmorton Plot was exposed.
False
## Footnote
While Throckmorton was executed, Mary did not face any direct punishment.
105
What year did Mary arrive in England?
1568
106
What was the primary reason Elizabeth faced pressure regarding Mary?
To find Mary guilty of murdering her husband, Lord Darnley
107
Why did Elizabeth consider punishing Mary?
To address the threat Mary posed to Protestant England
108
What belief did many English Catholics hold about Mary?
That Mary was the true Queen of England
109
What risk did Elizabeth have to consider regarding foreign powers?
Retaliation from Catholic countries such as Spain
110
What significant event in 1586 made Elizabeth's decision easier?
England and Spain were effectively at war
111
What was the Babington Plot?
A plot involving Mary that aimed to depose Elizabeth
112
Who played a pivotal role in proving Mary's involvement in Catholic plots?
Sir Francis Walsingham
113
What evidence did Mary's letters provide?
Substantial evidence of Mary's danger to Elizabeth
114
When did Elizabeth sign Mary’s death warrant?
February 1587
115
What did Elizabeth claim about her knowledge of the death warrant?
She had no knowledge of signing the warrant
116
What concern did Elizabeth have regarding Mary's execution?
Killing an anointed monarch
117
Who was Mary’s son?
James VI of Scotland
118
What did Elizabeth do to maintain her alliance with Scotland?
Apologised and blamed her government for Mary’s execution
119
What did Elizabeth's Privy Council declare in October 1586?
Mary guilty of high treason
120
How many major Catholic plots against Elizabeth occurred between 1571 and 1586?
Three
121
What did the government finally obtain to prove Mary’s wrongdoing?
The necessary evidence
122
What did Elizabeth do to distract her councillors from the execution of Mary?
Focused on other matters
123
When was Mary executed?
8th February 1587
124
Did Elizabeth knowingly sign Mary’s death warrant?
Historians are certain she did
125
What was Elizabeth's reaction after signing the death warrant?
Refused to speak to William Cecil for a month
126
What guilt did Elizabeth feel after Mary's execution?
About executing an anointed monarch
127
What happened to William Davidson after passing Mary’s death warrant?
He was imprisoned for 18 months in the Tower of London
128
What claim did Mary bestow upon her death?
Her claim to the English throne to Philip II
129
What was the long-term consequence of Mary’s execution?
Removal of a significant threat to Elizabeth’s reign
130
What did the Pope do after Mary’s death?
Reinforced his papal bull against Elizabeth in 1588
131
What was the reaction of most English Catholics after Mary's execution?
They remained loyal to Elizabeth
132
What was the attitude of medieval monarchs towards poverty?
Laissez-faire attitude
## Footnote
They believed in not interfering in the lives of their subjects
133
What significant change occurred in the government's attitude towards poverty by 1563?
Acknowledgment and tackling of unemployment issues through Elizabeth's Poor Laws
134
What were Elizabeth's Poor Laws?
National policies aimed at addressing unemployment and poor relief
135
Did Elizabeth's Poor Laws significantly impact poverty levels in the 16th century?
No, they did not significantly impact poverty levels
136
What was the Vagabonds Act?
An act established in 1572 related to the treatment of vagrants
137
What was the aim of the Poor Relief Act of 1576?
To provide practical support for the poor and monitor poor relief
138
What was one positive feature of Elizabeth's Poor Laws?
Local officials and society were made accountable for providing poor relief
139
What consequence did refusal to pay poor relief face?
Imprisonment
140
What responsibility did Justices of the Peace have under the Poor Laws?
To keep a register of the poor and find work for the unemployed
141
What was a negative feature of Elizabeth's Poor Laws regarding punishments?
Increased physical punishments for vagrants, including the death penalty for repeated offenses
142
What impact did rising prices have on poor relief contributions?
Some people could not afford to contribute towards poor relief
143
How did attitudes towards vagrants change over time?
Only 10% of vagrants received the punishment of whipping
144
What was a negative consequence regarding societal fear of vagabonds?
Distribution of pamphlets warning of the dangers of vagabondage increased fear
145
What long-term influence did the Poor Relief Act have on government approaches?
Influenced government's approach to poverty until the 1800s
146
Fill in the blank: The Poor Laws could not control _______ which caused poverty in England.
external factors
147
What external conflict contributed to economic difficulties in England?
England's conflict with Spain
148
What was one method English merchants used to sell cloth across Europe?
Using the Netherlands as a base
149
What happened to England's access to the cloth market due to Spain?
Spain blocked England's access, leading to economic difficulties
150
What was the impact of harvest changes on poverty between 1558 and 1588?
Poor harvests increased poverty due to rising food prices and reduced wages.
151
What happened to harvests in 1562 and 1586 during Elizabeth's reign?
England experienced two bad harvests.
152
How did rising food prices affect laborers?
Laborers increased their charges for farming due to higher food prices.
153
What was a consequence of landowners not wanting to pay increased wages?
Landowners turned to less labor-intensive farming methods.
154
What type of farming requires fewer workers, contributing to increased poverty?
Livestock farming.
155
What was the population increase in England during this period?
The population increased by 35%.
156
What contributed to improved life expectancy in Elizabethan England?
Advancements in medicine.
157
What was the population of London compared to Norwich?
London had a population of 150,000, ten times larger than Norwich.
158
How did a growing urban population contribute to poverty?
Too many people in towns led to insufficient food production.
159
What was the effect of increased demand for food on prices?
Food prices rose due to higher demand.
160
True or False: Wages kept pace with inflation in Elizabethan England.
False.
161
What happened to food prices after 1570?
Food prices rose sharply.
162
How did sheep farming affect employment?
Sheep farming required fewer workers, leading to increased unemployment.
163
What percentage of England's exports was woollen cloth during Elizabethan times?
81.6%.
164
What is enclosure in the context of Elizabethan England?
The practice of placing fences around fields, restricting common access.
165
How did enclosure impact smaller farmers?
Smaller farmers could not afford high rents and were forced to leave their land.
166
What rights did villagers lose due to enclosure?
The right to use land for grazing, foraging, and collecting wood.
167
Fill in the blank: Enclosure led to a lower demand for _______.
workers.
168
What was the relationship between the population increase and employment in the countryside?
An excess of workers led to reduced wages and increased unemployment.
