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Medicine (Predicted) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Astrology in the context of medieval medicine?

A

Belief that the alignment of stars and planets influenced health.

Doctors consulted star charts before diagnosis/treatment.

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2
Q

How were supernatural causes viewed in medieval medicine?

A

Illness seen as punishment from God; sin could cause disease.

This reflects the religious beliefs of the time.

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3
Q

Who were the Flagellants?

A

Religious groups who whipped themselves to atone for sin, hoping to stop the Black Death.

This was a response to the perceived punishment from God.

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4
Q

What was the significance of religion and superstition in medieval medicine?

A

Shows the dominance of religion and superstition in medieval medicine.

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5
Q

Who primarily ran hospitals during the Renaissance?

A

Mostly run by the Church or charities.

Hospitals provided care for the poor and elderly.

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6
Q

What was the focus of treatment in Renaissance hospitals?

A

Focus on rest, food, prayer, and cleanliness.

They did not focus on cures.

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7
Q

What change occurred in hospitals after the dissolution of the monasteries (1536–40)?

A

More secular hospitals opened.

Physicians began to be more involved.

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8
Q

What hospitals in London continued to develop during the Renaissance?

A

St Bartholomew’s and St Thomas’.

These hospitals were significant in the evolution of care.

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9
Q

What traditional treatments persisted despite new ideas in the Renaissance?

A

Bloodletting and purging, herbal remedies, charms, and prayers.

Quack doctors selling ineffective treatments also became common.

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10
Q

What was the last major outbreak of plague in England?

A

The Great Plague (1665).

It was still blamed on miasma and divine punishment.

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11
Q

What actions were taken during the Great Plague?

A
  • Victims quarantined
  • Households marked with red crosses
  • Stray animals killed
  • Watchmen enforced isolation
  • Public gatherings banned
  • Physicians wore beaked masks filled with herbs

There was no real understanding of germ theory yet.

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12
Q

What significant medical advancement did Edward Jenner contribute?

A

Used cowpox to protect against smallpox (vaccination).

His findings were published in 1798.

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13
Q

What government support did Jenner receive for his work?

A

Granted £10,000 in 1802.

In 1853, smallpox vaccination became compulsory.

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14
Q

What characterized hospitals before Nightingale in the early 18th century?

A

Often dirty and overcrowded; little understanding of infection.

Rich treated at home; poor in charity hospitals.

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15
Q

What was the attitude towards hospitals before Nightingale?

A

Hospital was last resort.

Conditions led to high mortality rates.

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16
Q

When was the NHS created?

A

1948.

Created by Aneurin Bevan.

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17
Q

What healthcare services did the NHS provide?

A
  • GPs
  • Hospitals
  • Dental care
  • Prescriptions

Access improved for poor, women, elderly, and children.

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18
Q

What issues has the NHS faced over time?

A

Funding issues, waiting lists, and privatisation debates.

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19
Q

What is a ‘magic bullet’ in medicine?

A

Chemical that targets and kills specific bacteria without harming the body.

Developed by Paul Ehrlich and Gerhard Domagk.

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20
Q

What was the first magic bullet developed?

A

Salvarsan 606 for syphilis in 1909.

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21
Q

What significant event occurred with vaccination in the Victorian era?

A

Some believed it was unnatural or religiously wrong.

The Anti-Vaccination League protested compulsory smallpox vaccine.

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22
Q

What concerns arose in the 20th/21st century regarding vaccination?

A

Concerns over side effects, liberty, and distrust of government.

Example: MMR controversy (1998), falsely linked to autism.

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23
Q

What does the opposition to vaccination illustrate about public health?

A

Shows how misinformation can influence public health.

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24
Q

What is Salvarsan 606 also known as?

A

Arsphenamine

Developed by Paul Ehrlich in 1909

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25
What was the primary use of Salvarsan 606?
To treat syphilis ## Footnote A serious sexually transmitted infection common before antibiotics
26
Why was Salvarsan 606 referred to as a 'magic bullet'?
It specifically attacked the bacteria causing the disease ## Footnote Without harming the body
27
Who discovered Prontosil?
Gerhard Domagk ## Footnote In the 1930s
28
What was significant about Prontosil?
It was the first widely used antibiotic ## Footnote Effective against streptococcal infections
29
What infections did Prontosil effectively combat?
Streptococcal infections ## Footnote Causing blood poisoning and other deadly infections
30
Why is Prontosil considered a 'magic bullet'?
It selectively killed harmful bacteria without damaging the patient’s cells ## Footnote Similar to Salvarsan
31
What does the term 'magic bullet' refer to?
A treatment that targets only the disease-causing organism ## Footnote Leaving the rest of the body unharmed
32
True or False: Salvarsan was developed after Prontosil.
False ## Footnote Salvarsan was developed in 1909, while Prontosil was discovered in the 1930s
33
Fill in the blank: Salvarsan was developed in _______.
1909 ## Footnote By Paul Ehrlich
34
Fill in the blank: Prontosil was discovered in the _______.
1930s ## Footnote By Gerhard Domagk
35
What was the Great Plague primarily known for?
It was the worst outbreak of plague in England since the Black Death, affecting London in 1665 and killing around 100,000 people.
36
What percentage of London's population was killed during the Great Plague?
Nearly 20% of the population.
37
What was a common belief about the causes of the Great Plague?
Bad air (miasma) caused the disease.
38
True or False: People believed the Great Plague was a punishment from God.
True.
39
What astrological belief was associated with the Great Plague?
Some blamed unusual planetary alignments.
40
What was one belief about the Great Plague related to sin?
People thought it was caused by sin, and they should repent.
41
By 1665, what was the status of belief in the Four Humours among physicians?
Fewer physicians believed in the Four Humours, indicating some medical progress.
42
What were some attempted remedies during the Great Plague?
Herbal remedies, bloodletting, purging, placing a hen on buboes, smoking tobacco.
43
Fill in the blank: Infected households were marked with a red cross and _______.
Lord have mercy upon us.
44
What measures were taken for the isolation of infected households?
Guards stopped anyone from leaving.
45
What actions were part of the Plague Orders?
Public events banned, streets cleaned regularly, killing animals believed to spread the plague.
46
What was the quarantine duration for ships before docking?
40 days.
47
What did Plague Doctors wear to protect themselves from miasma?
Bird-like masks filled with sweet-smelling herbs.
48
Who took charge during the Great Plague, local or national government?
Local authorities.
49
What were some responsibilities of local authorities during the Great Plague?
Removing dead bodies, quarantining households, employing watchmen and searchers of the dead.
50
What was the state of medical knowledge during the Great Plague?
Based mostly on old beliefs, with no real understanding of germs.
51
What concept related to contagion was developing during the Great Plague?
Ideas of avoiding contact.
52
How did beliefs about the causes of disease differ between the Black Death and the Great Plague?
Both believed in miasma and God's punishment, but there was less focus on humours in 1665.
53
What type of treatments were used during the Great Plague compared to the Black Death?
Herbal remedies and bloodletting, as opposed to charms.
54
How did prevention measures differ between the Great Plague and the Black Death?
The Great Plague had organized prevention measures like quarantine and street cleaning.
55
What was the role of the government during the Great Plague compared to the Black Death?
More involved at the local level during the Great Plague.
56
Who discovered the smallpox vaccine and in what year?
Edward Jenner in 1796 ## Footnote Jenner's discovery marked a significant advancement in immunization.
57
When did the government make smallpox vaccination compulsory?
1853 ## Footnote This law aimed to increase vaccination rates and combat smallpox outbreaks.
58
What were some reasons for opposition to smallpox vaccination in the 1800s?
* Government control over personal medical decisions * Perceived un-Christian aspects of the vaccine * Fears about vaccine safety ## Footnote These concerns led to the formation of anti-vaccine leagues.
59
What was the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League and when was it formed?
Formed in 1866 ## Footnote It represented a significant organized opposition to mandatory vaccination.
60
What significant event in 1998 contributed to modern vaccine opposition?
A study by Andrew Wakefield falsely linked the MMR vaccine to autism ## Footnote This discredited study caused widespread fear and misinformation.
61
What were the consequences of the MMR vaccine scare?
Vaccination rates dropped and measles outbreaks returned ## Footnote This highlighted the impact of misinformation on public health.
62
List some reasons for modern vaccine opposition.
* Misinformation & Fear * Distrust in Government and Pharmaceutical Companies * Concerns about Side Effects * Religious and Ethical Beliefs * Social Media Influence ## Footnote Each of these factors plays a role in shaping public attitudes toward vaccination.
63
What conspiracy theories emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding vaccines?
Theories about control, microchips, or altering DNA ## Footnote Such theories contributed to vaccine resistance.
64
What concerns do some people have regarding vaccine side effects?
Fear of rare but serious side effects and confusion between correlation and causation ## Footnote This misunderstanding often leads to hesitancy in vaccination.
65
Why do some oppose vaccines on religious grounds?
Contents derived from animals or foetal cells ## Footnote This reflects ethical concerns regarding vaccine development.
66
How has social media influenced modern vaccine opposition?
Rapid spread of false claims, panic, and anti-vax propaganda ## Footnote Social media can amplify misinformation and distrust.
67
What are some examples of modern vaccine opposition?
* MMR vaccine scare (1998–2000s) * HPV vaccine opposition * COVID-19 vaccine resistance (2020–2022) ## Footnote Each example illustrates how misinformation can impact vaccination efforts.
68
What strategies have governments and medical authorities used to combat vaccine opposition?
* Public information campaigns * Laws making certain vaccinations compulsory for school * Encouraging trust in scientific evidence ## Footnote These strategies aim to improve vaccination rates and public confidence.
69
What was the primary focus of hospitals before the 1700s?
Spiritual care over medical treatment ## Footnote Hospitals were mainly religious institutions run by monks and nuns.
70
How did hospitals begin to change by the early 18th century?
They shifted toward places of treatment, not just rest or prayer.
71
List three conditions of early 18th-century hospitals.
* Overcrowded and dirty * Lack of medical knowledge * Limited staff and training
72
What was a significant problem regarding hygiene in early hospitals?
No handwashing and dirty wards.
73
What major medical concept did not exist before the 18th century?
Germ Theory.
74
What was a common practice during surgeries in the 18th century?
Surgery was often done without anaesthetics or antiseptics.
75
Who primarily provided medical care in early hospitals?
Untrained nurses or religious volunteers.
76
What type of patients were treated in the same wards?
Rich and poor patients.
77
How were hospitals funded before the 19th century?
By charity and wealthy donors.
78
What were voluntary hospitals?
Hospitals funded by charity and wealthy individuals.
79
What role did religious influence play in early hospitals?
Emphasis on caring for the soul, not just the body.
80
What were some key problems in hospitals before Florence Nightingale's reforms?
* Poor hygiene * High infection rates * Limited nursing care * Overcrowding * Ineffective treatments
81
What reforms did Florence Nightingale introduce after the Crimean War?
* Strict hygiene rules * Emphasis on trained nurses * Designed hospitals with ventilation and sanitation
82
Fill in the blank: Hospitals were often ______ and unclean, with poor ventilation and sanitation.
overcrowded
83
True or False: Doctors in early hospitals frequently washed their hands and equipment between patients.
False
84
Fill in the blank: Wealthy individuals set up hospitals to help the poor and for ______ reasons.
religious

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