embalming general stuff Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
what governing bodies regulate embalming
A
- OSHA
- FTC
- EPA
- state health departments
2
Q
humans remains also include…
A
cremated remains
3
Q
sanitation vs disinfection
A
- sanitation cleans the environment
- disinfection cleans the body
4
Q
embalming only temporarily…
A
preserves the body to give time for funeral plans
5
Q
before any disposition is made…
A
identification of the decedent needs to occur (best way is DNA matching)
6
Q
examples of primary disinfection
A
spraying with disinfectant chemicals and washing the human remains
7
Q
examples of concurrent disinfection
A
placing instruments in a sterilizing tray and washing throughout the embalming process
8
Q
examples of terminal disinfection
A
sterilizing equipment, washing the body, washing the table
9
Q
thanatology is the study of what
A
death
10
Q
signs of ‘death’
A
- decomposition
- presence of macroorganisms like maggots
- cessation of circulation and respiration
-complete muscular relaxation - rigor mortis
- algor mortis
- livor mortis
- changes to the eyes
11
Q
bacteria translocation
A
- as body begins to die, bacteria will continue to thrive
- said bacteria will move from the gastrointestinal tract throughout the body
- this is noticed by the green discoloration in the abdomen
12
Q
postmortem physical changes examples
A
- algor mortis
- moisture (desiccation or imbibition)
- increased blood viscosity (agglutination)
13
Q
postmortem chemical changes examples
A
- decomposition
- pH change
- rigor mortis
- discolorations
- postmortem caloricity
14
Q
how many essential amino acids are there
A
20-22
15
Q
what is affected by the presence of formaldehyde and then causes the fixation of tissue
A
amino acid bonds
16
Q
signs of decomposition
A
- color changes
- odor
- purge
- desquamation
- gas accumulation
17
Q
order of breakdown of compounds in the body
A
1st = carbohydrates
2nd = proteins
3rd = fats
4th = bones
18
Q
order of viscera breakdown
A
1st = lining of the membrane of the trachea and larynx
last = non pregnant uterus/prostate
19
Q
stages of decomp
A
- freshly deceased
- bloating
- active decay
- advanced decay
- skeletal remains/dry
20
Q
whats the pH of blood
A
7.35-7.45
21
Q
what does the pH shift to when the body is in rigor mortis
A
5-6
22
Q
during advanced decomp what pH will the body shift to
A
11
23
Q
stages of rigor mortis
A
- primary flaccidity (4-6 hours)
- full rigor (4-6 hours)
- secondary flaccidity
24
Q
when is the best time to embalm
A
when body is in primary flaccidity before rigor has time to set in
25
where does rigor begin
with the eyes
26
steps of a complete embalming procedure
1. preliminary procedures
2. primary disinfection
3. washing of the body
4. position the head
5. position arms and hands
6. shaving
7. set eyes
8. set mouth
9. raise vessels
10. chemicals
11. setting the machine pressure and flow
12. injection and drainage
13. suturing
14. cavity embalming
15. additional embalming treatment
27
what position should the head be in
tilted at a 15 degree angle to the right
28
what face features gives the face its 'expression' in death
the mouth
29
ways of mouth closure
- needle injector
- musculature suture
- mandibular suture
30
artery facts
- takes blood away from heart
- creamy white in color
- thick walls so lumen won't collapse when incised
- elastic
31
vein facts
- carry blood back to heart
- have blue color
- collapse when incised
32
atheroma
fatty deposits
33
arteriosclerosis
thickening of arteries
34
varices
varicose veins
35
clots
thick clump of blood and tissues
36
embolus
free floating particles in the bloodstream. may be a clot or air bubble, or thrombi that has broken free
37
thrombus
stationary clot or particle that restricts blood flow
38
phlebitis
inflammation of the vein
39
hemorrhage
rupture of the vein
40
endocarditis
inflammation of the lining of the heart
41
tuberculosis
disease causing fluid in the lungs
42
febrile disease
may cause dehydration
43
different incision types for arteries
- transverse
- longitudinal
- t incision
- triangular/wedge
44
strong index fluid range
26-36% formaldehyde
45
medium index fluid range
16-25% formaldehyde
46
low index fluid range
5-15% formaldehyde
47
typical injection pressure for the head
2-3lbs
48
typical injection pressure for the body in general
10-20lbs
49
what arteries are used in a 6 point injection
left and right - common carotids, axillaries, and femorals
50
distal injection vs proximal injection
- distal is when the cannula is placed so injection is away from the trunk
- proximal is when the cannula is placed so injection goes toward the trunk
51
signs of fluid distribution
- vessel distension
- adequate drainage
- color changes in decedent
- color from movement of dye
52
signs of fluid diffusion
- firming of tissues
- drying of tissues
- tissue distension
- bleaching
53
the 9 abdominopelvic regions
1st row = right hypochondrium, epigastric region, left hypochondrium
2nd row = right lumbar, umbilical region, left lumbar
3rd row = right iliac region, hypogastrium, left iliac region
54
trocar insertion point for aspiration is
2 inches to the left and 2 inches superior to the umbilicus
55
trocar guide for stomach
towards the left mid axillary line and left firth intercostal space
56
trocar guide for cecum
1/4th of the distance from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis
57
trocar guide for urinary bladder
towards the median line of the pubic symphysis/bone
58
trocar guide for right atrium of the heart
towards the lobe of the right ear
59
trocar guide for brain
through the cribriform plate through the nose
60
infants have what water composition
75%
61
for an infant what can be used for injection
the abdominal aorta - incision made in the middle of the abdomen to the left of the midline
62
what injection pressure should be used for infants
4-6lbs with pulsation
63
purge can be caused by
- gas buildup
- decomposition
- pressure from injection
- pathological conditions
64
skin donation can be either
full thickness (skin removed down to the muscle) or partial thickness (only a few layers)
65
dermatone
instrument used to recover/remove the outer most layer of skin
66
what kind of discoloration is hypostasis
antemortem intravascular (blue/black color)
67
what kind of discoloration is carbon monoxide poisoning
antemortem intravascular (cherry red)
68
what kind of discoloration is livor mortis
postmortem intravascular (settling blood)
69
what kind of discoloration is ecchymosis
antemortem extravascular
70
what kind of discoloration is petechia
antemortem extravascular (pinpoint bleeding)
71
what kind of discoloration is hematoma
antemortem extravascular (blood filled swelling)
72
what kind of discoloration is post mortem stain
postmortem extravascular
73
what is a mycotic infection
a fungal infection
74
frozen remains should be
left to thaw out completely before embalming
- hot water avoided
75
anatomical guide vs linear guide vs anatomical limit
- anatomical guide = finding something by reference of adjacent structures
- linear guide = imaginary line drawn on surface to represent a structure within
- anatomical limits = the point of origin and termination
76
common carotid anatomical guide
left and right CC are posterior to the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
77
common carotid linear guide
line from the sternoclavicular articulation to the bottom of the earlobe
78
right common carotid anatomical limit
begins at the right sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
79
left common carotid anatomical limit
begins at the level of the second costal cartilage and extends to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
80
common carotid accompanying vein
- internal jugular vein
- is superficial and lateral to the artery (VNA)
81
facial arteries anatomical guide
along inferior border of mandible just anterior to the angle of the mandible
82
facial arteries accompanying vein
facial veins
83
subclavian anatomical guide
clavicle
84
right subclavian anatomical limit
begins at the sternoclavicular articulation and terminates at the border of the first rib
85
left subclavian anatomical limit
begins at the level of the second costal cartilage and terminates at the lateral border of the first rib
86
subclavian accompanying vein
brachiocephalic veins
87
axillary anatomical guide
posterior to the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle
88
axillary linear guide
through center of the base of the axillary space (armpit) and parallel to long axis of the upper extremity when abducted
89
axillary anatomical limit
begins at the lateral border of the first rib and terminates at the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle
90
axillary accompanying vein
- axillary vein
- medial and superficial to the axillary arteries
91
brachial anatomical guide
lies posterior to the medial border of the belly of the biceps brachii muscle
92
brachial linear guide
from the center of the base of the axillary space (armpit) to center of the forearm just below the bend of the elbow
93
brachial anatomical limit
begins at the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle and terminates at a point just inferior to the antecutibtal fossa (elbow pit)
94
brachial accompanying vein
- basilic veins
- medial and superficial to brachial artery
95
radial anatomical guide
just lateral to the tendon of flexor carp radialis muscle
96
radial linear guide
on surface of forearm from center of the antecutical fossa (elbow pit) to the center of the base of the index
97
radial anatomical limit
extends from a point approximately 1 inch below the bend of the elbow to a point over the base of the thumb
98
radial accompanying vein
radial vein
99
ulnar anatomical guide
just lateral to the tendon of flexor carp ulnaris muscle
100
ulnar linear guide
on surface of forearm from center of the antecubital fossa (elbow pit) to a point between the ring and pinky fingers
101
ulnar anatomical limits
extends from a point approximately 1 inch below the bend of the elbow to a point over the pisiform bone (in wrist above pinky finger)
102
ulnar accompanying vein
ulnar veins
103
external iliac anatomical guide
the medial border of the psoas major muscle
104
external iliac accompanying vein
external iliac vein
105
femoral anatomical guide
through the center of the femoral triangle bounded laterally by the sartrorius and medially by the adductor longus muscle
106
femoral linear guide
on surface of thigh from center of inguinal ligament to center point on the medial condyle of the femur
107
femoral anatomical limit
begins at the point posterior to the center of the inguinal ligament and terminates at the opening in the adductor magnus muscle
108
femoral accompanying vein
- femoral veins
- medial at the inguinal ligament, progressing to immediately posterior at the apex of the femoral triangle
109
popliteal anatomical guide
begins at opening of adductor magnus muscle and terminates at the interior border of popliteus muscle
110
popliteal linear guide
through the center of the popliteal space (knee pit) parallel to the long axis of lower extremity
111
popliteal accompanying vein
popliteal veins
112
anterior tibial linear guide
from the lateral border of the patella to the anterior surface of the ankle joint
113
114
anterior tibial accompanying vein
anterior tibial veins
114
dorsalis pedis linear guide
from the center of the anterior surface of the ankle joint to a point between the first and second digits
114
posterior tibial linear guide
from center of popliteal space (knee pit) to point midway between medial malleolus and calcaneus
114
posterior tibial accompanying vein
posterior tibial vein
115
dorsalis pedis accompanying vein
dorsalis pedis veins
116
ventral vs dorsal
- ventral = front
- dorsal = back
117
cranial vs caudal
- cranial = top side/towards head
- caudal = bottom/towards feet
118
pressure needs to be applied to
overcome intravascular and extravascular resistance that may be present
119
refrigeration units or coolers should be at what temp
38-40 degrees F
