embolus and infarct

Question 1

define embolus

Answer 1

An intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin

Question 2

Most emboli are derived from a dislodged?

Answer 2

thrombus (thromboembolism)

Question 3

what are less common sources of emboli?

Answer 3

Fat, air, cholesterol, tumor fragments, bone marrow, amniotic fluid

Question 4

Embolus results in?

Answer 4

partial or complete occlusion

Question 5

Systemic and arterial emboli results in?

Answer 5

infarction

Question 6

pulmonary emboli results in?

Answer 6

hypoxia, hypotension, right-sided heart failure

Question 7

> 95% of pulmonary emboli arise from?

Answer 7

DVTs proximal to the popliteal fossa

Question 8

pulmonary emboli cause how many deaths?

Answer 8

200,000 deaths/yr. in the US

Question 9

T or F… Prior embolus decreases risk for additional emboli

Answer 9

FALSE. Prior embolus INCREASES risk for additional emboli

Question 10

80% of systemic thromboembolism arise from?

Answer 10

intracardiac mural thrombi

Question 11

what are common arteriolar embolization sites?

Answer 11

■ Lower extremities (75%)
■ CNS (10%)
■ Intestines, kidneys, and spleen are less often affected.

Question 12

fat embolism etiology?

Answer 12

Soft tissue crush injury, long bone fracture

Question 13

Fat and marrow emboli are common incidental findings after vigorous

Answer 13

CPR

Question 14

Clinical findings of fat embolism in less than 10% of cases with severe?

Answer 14

skeletal injuries

Question 15

Symptomatic Fat Embolism Syndrome clinical signs and symptoms show up?
**what are these signs?

Answer 15

1-3 days after injury
**Sudden onset of tachypnea, tachycardia, irritability, and restlessness, which may progress to delirium or coma. AND occlusion of pulmonary and cerebral microvasculature

Question 16

Amniotic Fluid Embolism etiology

Answer 16

Placental tears and/or rupture of the uterine vein

Question 17

clinical signs of amniotic fluid embolism?

Answer 17

Sudden severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and hypotensive shock, followed by seizures and coma

Question 18

in woman that survive amniotic fluid embolism, what are possible side affects?

Answer 18

Pulmonary edema and possible DIC in those who survive

Question 19

define air embolism

Answer 19

Obstruct vascular flow resulting in distal ischemic injury

Question 20

air embolism eteology

Answer 20

CABG, neurosurgery, obstetric procedures and chest wall surgery

Question 21

T or F… Small air emboli often have no significant effects

Answer 21

true

Question 22

define and explain decompression sickness

Answer 22

Caused by sudden changes in atmospheric pressure
*increased amounts of gas (esp. nitrogen). Ascending rapidly from a deep dive causes expansion of nitrogen in the tissues ➔ gas emboli ➔ tissue ischemia

Question 23

define infarction

Answer 23

An area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply

Question 24

40% of U.S. deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease, most from? caused by?

Answer 24

MI or CVA and CAUSED by arterial thrombosis or arterial embolism

**other exaples are pulmonary, bowel and gangrene

Question 25

Types of infarcts?

Answer 25

Red and white

Question 26

Red infarct occurs with?

Answer 26

venous occlusions, loose tissues, tissues with dual circulation, previously congested tissues, reperfusion post-infarction

Question 27

white infarct occurs with

Answer 27

arterial occlusions in solid organs with end-arterial circulations or where there is limited ability for seepage of blood from adjoining vascular beds

Question 28

common location and another name for white infarc?

Answer 28

pale infarcts and kidney is common location

Question 29

4 factors the influence infarct development?

Answer 29

1) Anatomy of the vascular supply 2) Rate of occlusion 3) Tissue vulnerability to ischemia 4)

Question 30

Anatomy of the vascular supply infarct development

Answer 30

Presence or absence of an alternative blood supply

Question 31

Rate of occlusion infarct development

Answer 31

Slowly developing occlusions are less likely to cause infarction

Question 32

Tissue vulnerability to ischemia infarct development

Answer 32

Neurons are especially vulnerable, myocardial cells intermediate vulnerability. Fibroblasts are more resistant

Question 33

Hypoxemia of infarct development

Answer 33

increase risk with abnormally low blood O2