Embryo Synthese

Question 1

beta HCG produced by what

Answer 1

Syncythotrophoblaste

Question 2

When does the fetal blood touch the mother>

Answer 2

In dechirure de vilosites

Question 3

Probleme Rh?

Answer 3

Mere Rh- with Baby being Rh+

Give rhogan to reduce immune respnse

Question 4

Separation ou niveau de la mourule vs blastocyste?

Answer 4

Blastocyste is later:
2 bouton embryonaire in 1 trophoblaste = DiAmnio MonoChoriono

Question 5

Which version of gemellaire has never transffesseur transposes blood thing

Answer 5

Di Di

Question 6

Chorioamnionite

Answer 6

ite- Infection or inflamation

• Ascending infection caused by bacteria that move from the vagina to the membranes via the cervix.
• These infections often cause premature rupture of the membranes, leading to premature birth.

Question 7

paralysie cérébrale and target:

Answer 7

Only touches white matter and not gray matter.

Myeline

Question 8

Syndrome du cordon long:

Answer 8

adequate venous return when the cord is too long.

rayon of the chordon is more important than the length!!

Moreover, a long cord predisposes to strangulation by the cord and the formation of knots

Question 9

Croissance asymetrique vs symetrique

Answer 9

symetrique = genetique
asymetrique = insufissance cardiaque (prioritize head)

Question 10

amniotic band syndrome type of transmission

Answer 10

DOES NOT RE-OCCUR

Ne recidive pas

Question 11

Exsanguination foeto-maternelle :

Answer 11

• This hemorrhage is usually diagnosed post-mortem, using the Kleihauer-Betke test.
  
  • Fetal blood is more resistant to hypotonic shock than adult blood.
  • A hypotonic shock is applied to maternal blood.
  • If there is no more blood left, then there was no fetal blood in the circulation.
  • If there is blood, that is because some of the fetus blood was circulating in the mother.

Question 12

Chorangiome how many vilosite?

Answer 12

Instead of having many vilosite you have only 1 single one that becomes tumoral

pas d’impact clinique lorsqu’ils sont petits

coeur ne peut pas pomper suffisamment pour irriguer le chorangiome et les autres tissus.

Question 13

Placenta accreta, increta et percreta:

Answer 13

anomaly of the basal decidua, which normally generates a layer of fibrin: the Nitabuch layer

illi infiltrate the myometrium, the placenta does not detach from the uterus, which prevents the contraction of the uterus and can lead to exsanguination by massive hemorrhage.

An emergency hysterectomy (resection of the uterus) may be required to prevent the death of the mother

Question 14

C-KIT

Answer 14

Syndrome de Piebald Isme

Not enough = melanocytes cannot color all of the mesoblaste

Too much = cancer

Question 15

Imatinib

Answer 15

Inactivator of C-KIT.

Binds C-KIT so that it prevents ATP binding

Reduces risk of melanoma

Literally an exam question

The beauty of this treatment is that it is very precise targeting directly what is affected leading to less side effects.

Question 16

gene controlleur maitre par definition va

Answer 16

auto-activate its own promotor

Question 17

What is PIT-1

Answer 17

Gene controlleur maitre

Leads to differentiation to hypophyse

Question 18

HOXA1 is most similar with HOXA2 or with HOXB1?

Answer 18

HOXB1 because they are the same gene

Question 19

How many division of the tube neural?

Answer 19

7 tranches created by SHH BMP

Question 20

FGF8 and WNT3a NOTCH and AXIN

Answer 20

Molecular time

• FGF8 and WNT3a production: The protein FGF8 is produced constantly.(a) In the absence of the protein AXIN, FGF8 stimulates the production of WNT3a.(b) WNT3a activates the NOTCH cascade, to trigger a molecular cascade. WNT3a also stimulates the promoter of AXIN with production of the protein AXIN that inhibits the promoter of WNT3a.
• AXIN half-life and WNT3a inhibition: (d) Assuming AXIN has a half-life of 90 minutes, the production of WNT3a will be inhibited for about an hour; (e) then, in the absence of the protein AXIN, (f) the protein WNT3a will start to be produced again.
• Gene and protein notation: Note that by convention, when the name is written in italics, it designates the gene. The protein is indicated by normal characters. In addition, human genes and proteins are designated by writing all the letters in uppercase.
• Here, each cycle of FGF8 WNT3a will make 1 somite.

Question 21

Exosomes and pre-eclamsia

Answer 21

Exosome levels in the plasma can be used as a marker for hypertension

involved in pre-eclampsia, neurodegeneration and oncogenesis.

Question 22

Syndrome de Meckel-Gruber

Answer 22

Polydactilie

Pathology des cils= issue with SHH recognition

Question 23

Does Syndrome de Meckel-Gruber lead to sequence of syndrome de potter?

Answer 23

Sequence because the kidneys are there but they are inflated and do not allow for production of amniotic fluid -> Oligohydramnios

Question 24

Les association sont a _____ risque de recidive.

Answer 24

Faible

This is important because the probability of a couple to have a second child presenting with VACTERL is very low

Question 25

Syndrome de DiGeorge

Answer 25

Anomalie de 3em et 4em arcs bronchiaux ne se developpent pas

deletion that leads to no TBX1

no parathyroid, no thymus

-> haplo-insuffisance
1 allele might not be sufficient + polymorphisme + differences in cascades and difference in tissues

cascade sur cascade tissue par tissue

Question 26

tropisme cérébral avec nécrose et microcéphalie secondaire

Answer 26

Zika virus part of TORCHS