Genetic Variability Flashcards

1
Q

Quelle population tend à avoir une plus grande variation que les autres?

A

Population africaine

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2
Q

CCR5 del32 and relation to genetic variation

A

Infection virale nécessite récepteurs cellulaires: CXCR4 et CCR5

Some populations in Europe had variations that slow(del32 hetero) or prevent(del 32 homo) the disease

Les populations d’Asie + Afrique n’ont pas été exposées aux mêmes épidémies, ce qui explique la rareté/l’absence de la variation dans ces populations

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3
Q

What is Allèle majeur?

A

allèle le plus fréquent dans la population

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4
Q

Décrit un trait complexe.

A
  • do not behave according to simple Mendelian inheritance laws.
  • gene modifies the risk but not necessarily cause the disease
  • Transmission mode is unclear
  • Maladies fréquentes
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5
Q

Exemple de traits complexes?

A
  • Maladies cardiovasculaires
  • Diabète
  • Obésité
  • Taille
  • Eye color
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6
Q

Décrit le gène candidat.

A

hypotheis based

Peu de faux + (high specificity), plus de cibles manquées (low sensitivity)

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7
Q

Describe (GWAS) Genome-Wide Association Study

A

No need for Hypothèse préalable -> cluster based and correlation based study

Identifie des associations de marqueurs (SNP) avec des conditions

Plusieurs faux +, peu de cibles manquées

Say you are looking for SNPs that are associated with coronary artery disease. Instead of searching for specific genes and looking if these genes are associated with one population of patients vs healthy like in candidat gene analysis, in GWAS you can look at the genome of say 1m people and then draw statistic correlations based on clusters of genes between patients and healthy.

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8
Q

Par quoi sommes nous limités dans nos découvertes scientifiques?

A

Par l’évolution technologique

Computation Speed.

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9
Q

Vrai ou faux? Les tailles d’échantillon de GWAS diminuent avec les années.

A

False

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10
Q

True or false,

certaines allèles sont associés à des caractéristiques physiques

A

True

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11
Q

À quoi sert le système Hiris-Plex?

A

prédictions de pigmentation, de couleur des yeux et de couleurs des cheveux à partir d’un panel de 41 SNPs

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12
Q

Que sont les scores polygéniques? (PRS)

A

Risque de survenu d’un trait en fonction des informations des GWAS

Polygenic risk scores can provide a measure of your disease risk due to your genes. Combining polygenic risk scores with other factors that affect disease risk can give a better idea of how likely you are to get a specific disease than considering either alone.

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13
Q

Nomme les utilités de PRS.

A

Prévention, proper diagnosis, risk prediction

Treatment risk decision-making:

If a patient is at a higher PRS risk we might go with a more agressive treatment and vice-versa.

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14
Q

Describe Pharmacogénomique

A

It is about Variabilité de la réponse au médicament:

This study is about how a gene in our body can have an impact on the medication or treatment reception. This is true for about 90% patients with effects being small or large. For example, a gene variation that is associated with high risk for side effects.

Identify patients with increased risk of side effects but also patients where treatment will have reduced therapeutic effect.

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15
Q

Nomme 2 facteurs qui expliquent la variabilité de la réponse au médicament.

A
  1. Facteurs intrinsèques: âge, santé globale, génétique
  2. Facteurs extrinsèques: diète, polypharmacie, how strictly the patient follow the regiment
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16
Q

Nomme les facteurs génétiques

A

Gènes influençant la pharmacocinétique du médicament
Gènes codant les cibles thérapeutiques
Gènes modifiant la sévérité de la maladie, ou sa progression
Gènes qui influencent la susceptibilité aux effets indésirables

17
Q

Describe when do we see Allèles étoile (star) (*)

A

Allèles étoile (*) lorsque la fonction du gène dépend de l’haplotype

18
Q

What does this describe?
CYP2C19* 1/* 2?

A

(*) 1 is always wild gene.

individu avec activité enzymatique diminuée

who is heterozygote with one normal and one anormal allele

19
Q

Describe the Concept of medicament residual:

A

There are specific enzymes in the liver that will eliminate the drugs

IF we have problems in these enzymes due to a 1/2 well then the medication will not be cleared as well, and we might have side effects due to build up, or might not have effect due to quick clearance

20
Q

Que fait CYP2C9 sur la warfarine?

A

CYP2C9 gene is associated with a slower drug clearance:

In these patients we need to administer less warfarin so that we don’t kill them with residual medication

21
Q

Que fait VKORC1 sur la warfarine?

A

VKORC1 gene is associated with an inhibition of warfarin action (increased resistance):

In these patients need to give a larger dose or the medication won’t have effect.

22
Q

CYP2D6 and antidépresseurs:

A

The way we metabolize the drug can lead to us having too much or too little medication → bioavailability

Métaboliseur ultrarapide, échec du traitement → give patient a médicament alternatif

Métaboliseur pauvre, risque d’effet secondaire → give patient médicament alternatif

23
Q

Par qui sont métabolisés la plupart des antidépresseurs?

A

CYP2D6, CYP2C19

24
Q

What is codeine?

A

It is a pro-morphine. It will be metabolized into morphine essentially

25
Q

Effet de la codéine sur les métaboliseurs ultrarapide?

A

Hausse de morphine dans le sang

26
Q

Que sont les principaux décès de la (LLA) Leucémie Lymphoblastique Aiguë?

A

Cas résistants au traitement

27
Q

What is TPMT and why is understanding this important?

A

It is an enzyme that metabolizes LLA medicaments.

Due to gene factors:

1 personne sur 300, a besoin de seulement 6-10% de la dose standard

~10% des gens hétérozygotes produisent une quantité réduite d’enzyme fonctionnelle → Dose à réduire de 20-50%

28
Q

do we need the genotype of every patient before deciding treatment?

A

No, by knowing which gene is related to which enzyme, we can simply look at the enzymatic activity of the patient to get a better understanding of how the drug will be metabolized

Either way, for these patients we will need to follow closer.