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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

Telecephalon is a derivative of what?

And gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Gives rise to cerebral hemisphere and lateral ventricles

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2
Q

Diencephalon is a derivative of what?

And gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of forebrain (prosencephalon)

Gives rise to thalamus and third ventricle

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3
Q

Mesencephalon is a derivative of what?

Gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Gives rise to Midbrain and Aqueduct

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4
Q

Metencephalon is a derivative of what?

Gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Gives rise to pons, cerebellum, and upper part of fourth ventricle

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5
Q

Myelenchephalon is a derivative of what?

Gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Gives rise to medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle

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6
Q

Notochord becomes what in adult life?

A

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

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7
Q

Muscles of tongue derived from?

A

Occipital myotomes

1 and 2nd brachial arches make up anterior 2/3
3rd and 4th brachial arches make of posterior 1/3

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8
Q

Day 0 embryogenesis

A

Fertilization by sperm, forming zygote initiating embryogenesis

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9
Q

Day 3 Embryogenesis

A

Morula (at entry of uterus)

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10
Q

Day 2 embryogenesis

A

Zygote at ampulla of Fallopian tube

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11
Q

day 5 embryogenesis

A

Blastocyst

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12
Q

Within week 1 of embryogenesis

A

hCG secretion begins around the time of implanatation

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13
Q

Within week 2 of embryogenesis

A

Bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast)

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14
Q

Within week 3 of embryogenesis

A

Trilaminar disc

Gastrulation
Primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organization and neural plate begin to form

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15
Q

Weeks 3-8 of embryogenesis

A

Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4

Organogenesis

Extermely susceptible to teratogens

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16
Q

Week 4 of embryogenesis

A

Heart begins to beat

Upper and lower limb buds begin to form

4 weeks=4 limbs

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17
Q

Week 6 of embryogenesis

A

Fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal ultrasound

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18
Q

Week 10 of embryogenesis

A

Genitalia have male/female characteristics

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19
Q

Surface Ectoderm

A

Adenohypophysis, lens of eye, epithelial linings of oral cavity, sensory organs of ears, and olfactory epithelium

Epidermis

anal canal below the pectinate line

parotid, sweat and mammary glands

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20
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

brain (neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland)

retina and optic nerve

Spinal cord

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21
Q

Neural Crest

A

PNA (dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells ANS)

melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Parafollicular cells of thyroid, pia and arachnoid, bones of skull, odontoblasts, aorticopulmonary septum

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22
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle, bone, CT, serous linings of body cavities, spleen, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood, wall of gut tube, vagina, kidney, adrenal cortex, dermis, testes, ovaries

Notochord (in mesoderm)induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate)

VACTERL defects
Vertebral, Anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal defects, limb defects

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23
Q

Endoderm

A

Gut tube epithelium (anal above the pecitnate line), most of urethra,

luminal epithelial derivates (lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, Eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)

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24
Q

Allantois derives into

A

Umbilical arteries and vein

Urachus (duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac forms about the 3rd week)

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25
Patent Urachus
Failure of urachus to obliterate Urine discharge from umbilicus (exacerbated by crying, starving, voiding and prone position)
26
Urachal sinus
Failure to close distal urachus Presents with periumbilical tenderness, and purulent discharge from umbilicus and recurrent infections
27
Urachal cyst
partial failure of central urachus to obliterate Fluid filled cavity lined with uroepithelium between umbilicus and bladder Can lead to infection or adenocarcinoma
28
Vitelline duct
Obliterates in 7th week Connects yolk sac to midgut lumen
29
Vitelline fistula
Failure of vitelline duct to close Meconium discharge from umbilicus
30
Meckel Diverticulum
Failure of vitelline duct to close completely Patent portion attached to ileum-fibrous band from diverticulum to umbilicus (true diverticulum) Presents with: ectopic gastric mucosa and/or pancreatic tissue-melena, periumbilical pain and ulcers
31
1st aortic arch
part of maxillary artery
32
2nd aortic arch
stapedial artery and hyoid artery
33
3rd aortic arch
Common carotid artery and part of internal carotid
34
4th aortic arch
left=aortic arch Right: right subclavian artery
35
6th aortic arch
Proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
36
Clefts, arches and pouches
CAP Clefts=ectoderm Arches=mesoderm and neural crest cells Pouches=endoderm
37
1st brachial cleft derivative
External auditory meatus
38
2nd through 4th brachial cleft
temporary cervical sinuses which are obliterated if persist lead to brachial cleft cyst within lateral neck
39
1st brachial arch derivatives
``` Cartilage:(meckel cartilage) Mandible spheno-Mandibular ligament Malleus Vomer, zygoma, palatine ``` Muscles: Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini nerves: V2 and V3
40
2nd brachial arch derivatives
Cartilage: (reichert cartilage) Stapes, styloid, leSSer horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament Muscles: muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, plastysma, belly of digastric Nerves: CN VII
41
3rd brachial arch derivatives
Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid Muscles: stylopharyngeus nerves: CN IX
42
4th brachial arch
Cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform Muscles; most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid Posteriro 1/3 of tongue Nerves: CN X-superior largyngeal (swallow)
43
6th brachial arch derivatives
Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform Muscles: all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid Nerves: CN X recurrent laryngeal-speak
44
Embryo veins: vitelline, umbilical and cardinal develop into what?
Vitelline: portal system Umbilical: degenerate Cardinal: systemic
45
1st brachial pouch derivative
Middle ear cavity, Eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
46
2nd brachial pouch derviatives
Epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
47
3rd brachial pouch derivatives
Dorsal wings: Inferior parathyroids ventral wings: Thymus
48
4th brachial pouch derivatives
Dorsal wings develop into superior parathyroids Thyroid parafollicular cells
49
Cleft Lip
6th week of developmen Failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes Midline intermaxillary segment develops into philturm of upper lip, four maxillary teeth and primary palate
50
Cleft palate
6th week of development Failure of fusion of two lateral palatine processes OR Failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with nasal septum and/or median palatine process
51
Paramesonephric (Müllerian duct)
Develops into female internal structures: Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina Males have Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells that suppress development of paramesonephric duct
52
Mesonephric (wolffian) duct
Testosterone helps develop male internal structures Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, and ductus deferens
53
Genital tubercle becomes?
Glans penis or glans clitoris AND Coprus cavernosum/Spongiousum and vesibular bulbs
54
Urogenital folds become what?
Ventral aspect of penis and labia minora
55
genital swellings become
Scrotum and labia majora
56
urogenital sinus becomes what?
Bladder, urethra, prostate, and bulbourethral glands (males) Bladder, urethra, lower vagina and bartholin glands (females) Bulbourethral glands and greater vestibular glands (Bartholin) are homologs as are Prostate and urethral and paraurethral glands of Skene
57
Gubernaculum (band of fibrous tissue) male and female remnants
male: anchors testes within scrotum Female: ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus
58
Polyhydramnios
1.5-2 L of amniotic fluid-uterine large for gestational age Associated with fetal malformations (esophageal/duodenal atresia, anencephaly), maternal diabetes, fetal anemia, mutiple gestations Increased fetal CO increases fetal urination (alloimunization, parvovirus, fetomaternal hemorrhage At risk: preterm labor placental abruption, and uterine atony due to Overdistension
59
Oligohydramnios
less than .5 L of amniotic fluid Associated with placental insufficiency, bilateral renal agenesis, or posterior urethral valves in males and resultant inability to excrete urine Profound oligohydramnios can cause Potter sequence
60
Bulbis cordis gives rise to
Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
61
Primitive atria gives rise to
Trabeculated part of left and right atria
62
Primitive ventricle gives rise to
trabeculated part of left and right ventricles
63
primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to
Smooth part of left atrium
64
Left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to
Coronary sinus
65
Right horn of sinus venosus gives rise to...
smooth part of right atrium
66
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein gives rise to
SVC
67
Umbilical vein becomes...
Ligamentum teres hepatis (contained in falciform ligament)
68
Umbilical arteries become
Medial umbilical ligaments
69
Ductus arteriosus becomes
Ligamentum arteriosum
70
Ductus venosus becomes
Ligamentum venosum
71
Foramen ovale becomes
fossa ovalis
72
Allantois becomes
Urachus-median umbilical ligament Urachus is part of allantoic duct between the bladder and umbilicus Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant
73
Mesonephros gives rise to
Vas deferens and epidydimis of male genital system
74
Uretric Bud gives rise to
ureter, pelvises, calyces and collecting ducts
75
Metanephric mesenchyme
Urerteric bud interacts with this tissue inducing differentiation Forms glomerulus through distal convoluted tubule
76
Last kidney aspect to canalize
Ureteropelvic junction-most common site of obstruction (hydronephrosis) Metanephros begins forming urine before canalization of ureteric bud
77
Potter sequence
Oligohydramnios-compression of developing fetus leads to limb deformities, facial anomalies (low set ears and retrognathia) and compression of chest leading to pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death) Causes include: ARPKD, posterior urethral valves, bilateral renal agenesis
78
Horseshoe kidney
Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse Ascend from pelvis and get trapped under inferior mesenteric artery and remain in lower abdomen Kidney functions normally Increased risk for ureteropelvic junction obstruction, hydronephrosis, renal stones and rarely renal cancer (wilms tumor) Associated with Turner syndrome Recurrent UTIs
79
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Abnormal interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme Leads to a nonfunctional kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue Generally asymptomatic with compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney Diagnosed prenatally via ultrasound
80
Foregut
Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and upper duodenum Supplied by celiac artery Parasympathetic=vagus
81
Midgut
duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon Suppled by SMA Parasympathetic=vagus 6th week midgut herniates though umbilical ring Goes through 270 degree around SMA to allow proper placement (10th week) If malformation then malrotation occurs Cecum in upper r. quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to duodenum Obstruction leads to billous vomiting
82
Hindgut
distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line Supplied by IMA Parasympatheticc=pelvic
83
Gastroschisis
Lateral fold closure defect Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds not covered by peritoneum
84
Omphalocele
Lateral fold defect Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord sealed by perioteneum
85
Jejunal, ileal and colonic atresia
Due to vascular accident SMA can lead to to ileal necrosis-apple peel atresia ileum spirals around artery and ends in blind pouch Billous vomiting after 24 hours
86
Imperforate anus
"dimple instead of a hole" Associated with urorectal, urovesicle, or urovaginal fistulas Meconium discharge from urethral vagina may be present but unable to come fro manus Renal agenesis, hypospadias, epispadias, and bladder extrosphy common associations
87
Trachoesophageal anomalies
Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula most common Results in drooling, choking, and vomiting with first feeding TEF allows for air to enter stomach (visible on CXR) Cyanosis secondary to laryngospasm (to avoid reflux related aspiration) Clinical test: failure to pass nasogastric tube into stomach
88
Congenital pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophy of he pylorus causes obstruction Palpable "olive" mass in epigastric region and nonbilious projectile vomiting (2-6 weeks old) Visible peristalsis Treatment: surgical incision More common in males
89
Ventral pancreatic buds give rise to...
pancreatic head and main pancreatic duct uncinate process UNCle VErnon is the MAIN dickHEAD
90
Dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to..
everything else...body, tail, isthmus, and acessory pancreatic duct
91
Annular pancreas
Ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles second part of duodenum Forms a ring around the pancreatic tissue causing duodenal narrowing Billous vomiting or asymptomatic Double air sign
92
Pancreas divisum
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8 weeks Pancreatic secretions drained by two separate duct systems Dominant dorsal to duodenum (minor papillae) Ventral goes to (major papillae) Incidental finding but can cause recurrent pancreatitis
93
retroperitoneal structures
GI structures that lack a mesentery Injury causes blood or gas accumulation in retroperitoneal space ``` SAD PUCKER Suprarenal (adrenal glands) Aorta and IVC Duodenum (2-4 parts) Pancreas (except tail) Ureteres Colon (descending and ascending Kidneys esophagus (lower 2/3) Rectum (partially) ```
94
Meckel Diverticulum
True Diverticulum Presistence of vitelline duct/ophalomesenteric duct obliteration failure May contain ectopic acid secreting gastric mucosa or pancreatic tissue Can cause melena, RLQ pain, intussusception, volvuls or obstruction near terminal ileum Diagnosis: pertechenetate study for uptake by gastric muscosa
95
Thyroglossal duct adult remnant...
Foramen cecum
96
Thyroglossal duct
Anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue

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