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TV1003 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic period

A

characterised by spectacular growth and differentiation of tissues

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2
Q

fetal period

A

begins after all major organ systems are established and is characterised by growth and maintenance

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3
Q

gametogenesis

A

stage 1: production of sperm and ova

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4
Q

fertilisation of ovum

A

stage 2: sperm penetrates ovum and nuclear materials fuse

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5
Q

segmentation/ cleavage

A

stage 3: rapid division with little growth

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6
Q

gastrulation

A

stage 4: development of 3 germ layers

  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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7
Q

differentiation

A

stage 5: development of new cell types

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8
Q

histogenesis

A

stage 6: creation of cells typical of body tissues

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9
Q

organogenesis

A

stage 7: formation of recognisable organs

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10
Q

morphogenesis

A

stage 8: the moulding of the form and shape of the body

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11
Q

cell cycle

A

produce daughter cells by dividing its DNA and duplicating

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12
Q

G1 phase

A

metabolic changes prepare the cell for division.

-> at the restriction point- the cell is committed to division and moves to S phase

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13
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis replicated the genetic material

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14
Q

G2 phase

A

metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis

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15
Q

M phase

A

mitosis- nuclear division followed by cell division (cytokinesis)

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

eukaryotic cell division- the same genetic material as parent produces 2 daughter cells

NOTE: essential for development of growth (tissue repair and cell replacement)

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17
Q

Prophase

A

centrosome duplicates itself to form 2 daughter centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell

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18
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • chromosomes migrate to equatorial plane
  • spindle fibres bind to kinetochore
  • individual spindle fibres bind to a kinetochore structure on each side of the centromere
  • chromosomes continue to condense
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19
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align themselves along metaphase plate

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20
Q

Anaphase

A
  • chromosomes divide
  • chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
  • separated sister chromatids –> daughter cells
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21
Q

Telophase

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes grouped at wither pole of the cell
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • spindle fibres disappear
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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • forms two new cells
    1. in plants: cell plate forms
    2. in animals: there is a constriction of the cytoplasm
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23
Q

Meiosis

A

produces haploid sex cells (gametes) from diploid cells

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24
Q

1st meiotic division

A

AKA: reduction division

reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non- sister chromatids

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25
Q

Prophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes of each pair mate and form TETRADS

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26
Q

Leptotene

A

(Prophase 1): chromosomes start to condense

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27
Q

zygotene

A

(Prophase 1): homologous chromosomes become closely associated (synapsis) to form pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) consisting of 4 chromatids (tetrads)

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28
Q

bivalents

A

pairs of chromosomes

29
Q

tetrads

A

4 chromatids

30
Q

Pachytene

A

(Prophase 1): crossing over between pairs of homologous chromosomes to form chiasmata
(singular. chiasma)

31
Q

Diplotene

A

(Prophase 1): homologous chromosomes start to separate but remain attached by chiasmata

32
Q

Diakinesis

A

(Prophase 1): homologous chromosomes continue to separate, and chiasmata move to the ends of the chromosomes

33
Q

Metaphase 1

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes arranged as a double row along the metaphase plate
(genetic variation through random assortment)

34
Q

Anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and moves to opposite poles

35
Q

Telophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and moves to opposite poles

36
Q

Interkinesis

A

separates the 1st meiotic division to the 2nd meiotic division

37
Q

2nd Meiotic division

A

The chromosomes are halved - goes through Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokinesis

38
Q

Gametogenesis

A

consists of different successive stages of differentiation and maturation of the primordial germ cells into gametes
–> ova and sperm

39
Q

Primordial Germ Cells

A

are from primitive ectoderm

- colonise the endoderm of the yolk sac (or umbilical) and the allantois

40
Q

Gametes

A

a mature haploid (male or female) germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex –> forms a zygote.

41
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

primordial germ cells undergo mitosis and produce gremlin stem cells.
NOTE: cells of mesoderm (genital ridge) form seminiferous cords in testes development

LEARN THE PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS

42
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

the metamorphosis of the spermatid to the spermatozoid

43
Q

Spermatid

A

conventional cellular structure undergoes remodelling to acquire the morphology and functional capacity of the spermatozoid.

44
Q

Spermiation

A

means the gradual migration of maturing sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

45
Q

Oogenesis

A

development and maturation of the primordial germ cells in the ova

46
Q

Oogonia

A

an immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis
- undergoes repeated mitosis in the fatal ovary (ceases after birth)

47
Q

Folliculogenesis

A

development and follicle maturation

48
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

a prominent translucent acellular layer that is condensely formed by glycoproteins, secreted primarily by the oocyte

49
Q

Antrum

A

Fluid- filled cavity

50
Q

Granulosa cells

A

stratified layers of cuboidal cells

51
Q

Ovulation

A

release of the ovum from the follicle

52
Q

Oviduct

A

in vertebrates, other than mammals, the passageway from the ovaries of the body is called the oviduct
AKA: fallopian tube in mammals
- the eggs travel along the oviduct
- these eggs + sperm = zygote
NOTE: in birds= one side is favoured thus only one functional oviduct is found.

53
Q

Fertilisation

A

process by which a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote

  1. sperm penetrates corona radiata
  2. sperm attaches to sperm receptor to
54
Q

Capacitation

A

a functional maturation of the spermatozoon

55
Q

Polyspermy

A

an egg that’s been fertilised by more than one sperm

56
Q

In Vitro Fertilisation

A

fertilisation outside the genital tract of the secondary oocytes with capacitated sperm - transfer to a recipient cycled mother

57
Q

Cleavage

A

cell division while still enclosed in zona pellucida

- little or no growth in size

58
Q

Morula

A

a ball of (10-64 cells)

59
Q

Blastomere

A

each cell produced as a result of cleavage

60
Q

TYPE OF SEGMENTATION

Very large yolk

A

in birds, fish and reptiles

- zygote prevents complete cleavage (mesoblastic cleavage- partial)

61
Q

TYPE OF SEGMENTATION

Very little yolk

A

in mammals

- total (holoblastic) cleavage and the blastomeres are of similar size

62
Q

TYPE OF SEGMENTATION

small amount of yolk

A

in amphibians

- yolk accumulation in vegetal pole retards mitosis and blastomeres have diff. sizes.

63
Q

Dauber Layer

A

the trophectoderm that covers the inner cell mass

64
Q

Hypoblast

A

(primitive ectoderm) will line the entire inner face of the embryonic disk then of the trophectoderm.

65
Q

Gastrulation

A

the process by which the embryonic disc is converted into a trilaminar structure (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) following the proliferation and migration of cells from the surface inward.

66
Q

GASTRULATION

Ectoderm sheets will create…

A

epidermis and nervous

67
Q

GASTRULATION

Mesoderm sheets will create…

A

Urogenital, circulatory and musculoskeletal

68
Q

GASTRULATION

Endoderm sheets will create…

A

digestive and respiratory

69
Q

blastulation

A

compaction of morula to form blastula before implantation

TV1003 (9 decks)

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