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histopath > embryology and facial development (proliferation period 0-3 weeks) > Flashcards

embryology and facial development (proliferation period 0-3 weeks) Flashcards

1
Q

stages of human development:

A
  1. proliferation period 0-3 weeks
  2. embryonic period 3-8 weeks
  3. fetal development period (9 weeks to term)
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2
Q

fertilization of ovum yields

A

zygote (two haploid cells come together and form this) full of genetic material

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3
Q

mitotic cleavage of zygote forms

A

blastomeres

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4
Q

greater than or equal to 32 blastomeres is called a

A

morula

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5
Q

the 64 cell stage morula develops an internal:

A

blastocystic cavity

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6
Q

when the 64 cell stage morula develops an internal blastocystic cavity and thereafter is referred to as a

A

blastocyst

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7
Q

blastocyst also develops an inner cell mass at days

A

6-7

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8
Q

after blastocyst develops an inner cell mass at days 6-7, it is then referred to as the

A

embryoblast

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9
Q

implantation of the embryoblast in the _______ begins at day ____ and is complete at day ____

A

in the uterine wall
begins day 4
ends day 10

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10
Q

inner cell mass of the embryoblast transitions into the

A

bilaminar embryonic disc (two layers)

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11
Q

once inner cell mass of embryoblast transitions into bilaminar embryonic disc, the outer cell mass becomes the ____________ and __________ layers which are precursor to the placenta

A

cytotrophoblast (inner) and syntrophoblast (outer)

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12
Q

what are finger like projections that come off blastocyst and attach to uterine wall?

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

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13
Q

layers of bilaminar embryonic disc

A

epiblast layer (top)
hypoblast layer (bottom)

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14
Q

two parts of epiblast:
one part of hypoblast:

A

epiblast: ectoderm and mesoderm

hypoblast: endoderm

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15
Q

formation of bilaminar now creates two cavities called

A

yolk sac-bottom
amniotic cavity-top

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16
Q

structures assoc. with bilaminar embryonic disc

A

epiblast layer top
hypoblast layer bottom
amniotic cavity top
blastocyst cavity bottom
syntrophoblasts outer
cytotrophoblasts inner

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17
Q

enlargement of the amniotic cavity and migration of cells out of the hypoblast to form

A

heuser’s membrane

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18
Q

heuser’s membrane will form the

A

internal lining of the blastocyst cavity aka yolk sac

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19
Q

cell layers:

A

epiblast
embryonic mesoderm
hypoblast

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20
Q

embryonic cavities

A

amniotic
yolk sac
chorionic (ingulfs entire blastocyst)

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21
Q

during the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disc is characterized by formation of the

A

primitive streak
notochord
neural tube

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22
Q

the 3 distinct embryonic germ layers

A

ectoderm (formerly by epiblast layer)
mesoderm
endoderm (formerly hypoblast layer)

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23
Q

primitive streak made of

A

pit, node, groover

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24
Q

pre-notochordal cells invaginate within the _____________ and migrate towards the cephalad until they reach the ________

A

primitive node
prechordal plate

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25
Q

then, once the pre-notochordal cells reach the prechordal plate, they detach themselves from the ectodermal layer (formerly epiblast layer) to line within the mesoderm forming the

A

notochord

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26
Q

what functions as a primitive skeletal support of the embryo around which the axial skeleton later forms

A

notochord

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27
Q

notochord also induces formation of _______, the precursors of the vertebral column, ribs, associated back muscles and overlying dermis

A

somites

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28
Q

notochord is formed from ectodermal cells derived from the:

the ectodermal cells then migrate within the _________- to their appropriate midline position.

A

primitive node

mesodermal layer

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29
Q

parts of mesoderm and what they are:

A

paraxial- around the middle
intermediate- further up
lateral plate- divided up into parietal and visceral

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30
Q

derivatives of mesoderm.
paraxial mesoderm=
intermediate mesoderm=

A

derivatives of mesoderm.
paraxial mesoderm= somites
intermediate mesoderm= urogenital system

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31
Q

derivatives of mesoderm.
lateral plate:
parietal mesoderm=
visceral mesoderm=

A

parietal= mesothelial (serous) membranes that cover the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities

visceral= forms thin serous membranes that cover individual organs, stomach, pancreas, spleen, etc

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32
Q

derivatives of ectoderm:

A

-epidermis, hair nails
-epithelium of oral and nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
-salivary ad endocrine glands
-nervous system
-tooth enamel

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33
Q

derivatives of endoderm:

A

GI tract epithelium and associated glands

34
Q

corners of when and where the neural fold begins to fold

A

neural crest cells

35
Q

as neuron crest cells begin to be pulled down, they come together and form:
while the neural fold goes down and begins forming the:
which ends up being your:

A

intermediate zone of neural crest (then when neural tube formed, some become dorsal root ganglion

neural fold begin forming neural tube

spinal column!

36
Q

neural tube related developmental defects:

  1. folic acid deficiency=
  2. extrusion of dura and arachnoid mater=
  3. extrusion of neural tissue plus all 3 meninges=
  4. extrusion of a ventricular cistern plus neural tissue=
  5. fatal defect characterized by lack of development of cranium and brain=
A
  1. spina bifida
  2. meningocele
  3. meningomyelocele
  4. meningoencephalocele
  5. anencephaly
37
Q

spina bifida and meningocele are examples of:

A

mild defec

38
Q

sever defect is:

more severe:

A

meningomyelocele

meningohydroencephalocele

39
Q

fatal defect

A

anencephaly

40
Q

neural crest cells aka

A

ectomesenchyme or neuroectoderm

(basically make everything- embryonic period 3-8 weeks)

41
Q

rings that form one on top of each other
each stack contains:

A

branchial/pharyngeal arches

contains: nerve, artery and cartilage

42
Q

branchial/pharyngeal arches.
1st branchial groove/cleft

A

external auditory canal

43
Q

branchial/pharyngeal arches.
1st branchial pouch

A

eustachian tube

44
Q

2nd branchial pouch

A

palatine tonsils

45
Q

3rd branchial pouch

A

inferior parathyroids/thymus

46
Q

4th branchial pouch

A

superior parathyroids/ultimobranchial body

47
Q

inside branchial/pharyngeal arches:
outside:

A

inside: pharyngeal pouch
outside: pharyngeal cleft (groove)

48
Q

what day?
start to form
-mandibular prominance
-maxillary prominance
-lower and upper limb bud

A

32 day

49
Q

what day?
start to form
external acoustic meatus
auricular hilocks
wrist region
heart prominence
digital rays
pigmented eyes

A

41

50
Q

what day?
start to form
elbow region
notches between digits
external ear

A

48

51
Q

what day?
start to form
eyelid
ear
webbed fingers
scalp vascular
early umbilical herniation

A

51

52
Q

development of face made of 4 different processes

A

mandibular process
maxillary process
lateral nasal process
median nasal process

53
Q

defective fusion of what two things results in cleft lip

A

medial nasal process and maxillary process

54
Q

defective fusion of what results in cleft palate

A

palatine shelves

55
Q

fusion of the medial nasal process with the maxillary process normally occcurs at

A

5-6 weeks of gestation

56
Q

fusion of the palatine shelves normally begins during what week of gestation and is comepleted by what week

A

start 8 week
finish 12 week

57
Q

% of all clefts are combined cleft lip/cleft palate
% of cases are isolated cleft palate
% of cases are isolated cleft lip

A

45% of all clefts are combined cleft lip/cleft palate
30% of cases are isolated cleft palate
25% of cases are isolated cleft lip

58
Q

known teratogens involved in congenital malformations
drugs:

A

ethanol
tetracycline
dilantin
lithium
warfarin
retinoic acid
androgens
progesterone
thalidomide
methotrexate

59
Q

known teratogens involved in congenital malformations
chemicals

A

methylmercury
polychlorinated biphenyls

60
Q

known teratogens involved in congenital malformations
radiation

A

high levels of ionizing radiation

61
Q

what develops at line of fusion between palatine shelves and primary plate

A

nasopalatine duct cyst

62
Q

cerival sinus usually goes away by week 7 formation, but if it doesnt it will form a

A

cyst! called brachial cleft cyst or branchial fistula

63
Q

what adult structures does the branchial arch #1 make for the tongue

A

-anterior 2/3 of tongue
-origin of thyroid ectoderm
-overgrown by lateral lingual swellings

64
Q

what branchial arch makes these intermediate structutes:

A

-median tongue bud
-foramen cecum
-lateral lingual swellings

65
Q

what adult structure does the branchial arch #2 make

A

overgrown by hypobranchial eminence

66
Q

intermediate structures:
copula/tuberculum impar

A

branchial arch 2

67
Q

branchial arch 3 adult structure

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

68
Q

branchial arch that has no adult arches and makes minor contributions to hypobranchial eminence

A

branchial arch 4

69
Q

innervation.
arch 1

A

cnv- sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue

70
Q

innervation.
acrh 2

A

facial
-special sensory (taste) to ant 2/3 via chorda tympani branch

71
Q

innervation.
arch 3

A

glossopharyngeal
sensory to posterior 1/3

72
Q

innervation.
arch 4

A

vagus
sensory to extreme posterior 1/3 via superior laryngeal branch

73
Q

innervation.
arch 6

A

hypoglossal xii
motor to all tongue muscles

74
Q

was thought to represent a portion of tuberculum impar (branchial arch 2) that persists, but now is considered to be a result of a fungal infection

A

median rhomboid glossitis

75
Q

location where thyroid gland is going to invaginate, form a ball of cells, and travel down to midline of neck. and this is

A

foramen cecum

this is thyroglossal duct cyst

76
Q

failure of thyroglossal duct to involute can lead to

A

thyroglossal duct cyst
ectopic lingual thyroid

77
Q

cartilage for first arch

A

meckels cartilage
(mandible, maleus, incus)

78
Q

cartilage for second arch

A

reichert’s cartilage
(stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid)

79
Q

cartilage for 3rd arch

A

greater horn of hyoid

80
Q

cartilage for arch 4

A

thyroid cartilage

81
Q

external ear formation made up of

A

6 processes called hillocks

82
Q
A

histopath (13 decks)

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