embryology of endocrine system

Question 1

timeline of development of endocrine glands

Answer 1

weeks 3-8

Question 2

Rathkes pouch

Answer 2

invagination of oral cavity

Question 3

Rathkes pouch will become

Answer 3

anterior pituitary

Question 4

infundibular stalk comes from what and becomes

Answer 4

invagination of diencephalon called the neurohypophyseal diverticulum, posterior pituitary

Question 5

adenohypothysis (anterior lobe of pituitary) contains what

Answer 5

pars anterior
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

Question 6

neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) contains what

Answer 6

pars nervosa
infundibular stem
median eminance

Question 7

hormone release process in pituitary

Answer 7

made in anterior lobe and released by posterior lobe

Question 8

anterior lobe function

Answer 8

hypothalamic hormones are carried through the hypophyseal portal veins to the anterior pituitary, regulating secretion of trophic hormones

Question 9

ADH function

Answer 9

production and concentration of urine

Question 10

oxytocin function

Answer 10

important near term of pregnancy, allow uterine contractions
important for lactation

Question 11

craniopharyngiomas

Answer 11

most common pituitary tumor in children and adolescents

Question 12

what is a craniopharyngioma

Answer 12

benign epithelial tumor arising from remnants of rathkes pouch
can be supra sellar or intra sellar (sella turcica)

Question 13

symptoms of craniopharyngiomas

Answer 13

vision loss, diabetes insipidus

Question 14

intrasellar cystic craniopharyngiomas route of surgical removal

Answer 14

intra nasal

Question 15

suprasellar craniopharyngiomas info and route of surgical removal

Answer 15

grown within 3rd ventricle and can cause hydrocephalus
frontotemporal removal

Question 16

pituitary adenoma effects

Answer 16

growth hormone production causing the liver to make IGF1
can cause body size changes

Question 17

pituitary adenoma develops before epiphysis is fused

Answer 17

gigantism

Question 18

pituitary adenoma forms after epiphysis is fused

Answer 18

growth in nose, hands, feet, maybe mandibular defects

Question 19

superior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch

Answer 19

pouch 4

Question 20

inferior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch

Answer 20

pouch 3

Question 21

cell types of parathyroid glands

Answer 21

chief cells present at birth secrete PTH and sense low calcium
oxyphil cells appear at puberty

Question 22

DiGeorge syndrome caused by

Answer 22

deletion of chromosome 22q and TBX1 gene
failure of pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid gland

Question 23

clinical features of DiGeorge

Answer 23

immunodeficiency
hypocalcemia
cardiac abnormalities- tetralogy of fallot
abnormal jaw
thymus aplasia
cleft palate
hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism

Question 24

what is the derivative of the thyroid gland

Answer 24

not a pouch, the floor of pharynx

Question 25

ultimobranchial body derives from

Answer 25

pharyngeal pouch 4

Question 26

thyroid gland function begins when

Answer 26

week 10

Question 27

C- cell function and derivative

Answer 27

produce calcitonin and derived from endoderm

Question 28

aberrent locations of thyroid tissue is caused by

Answer 28

abnormal migration of thyroid glands part of thyroglossal duct can persist and form a cyst

Question 29

congenital hypothyroidism causes

Answer 29

the most common cause of mental delay and can be prevented and treated

Question 30

causes of congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 30

thyroid dysgenesis nonfunctioning goiters central hypothalamic or pituitary hypothyroidism

Question 31

untreated congenital hypothyroidism causes

Answer 31

failure of skeletal growth and maturation and deficiency in intellect

Question 32

dorsal pancreas is formed by

Answer 32

out pouching of duodenum

Question 33

what allows pancreatic hormones to be made

Answer 33

the suppression of sonic hedgehog in that area of duodenum

Question 34

ventral pancreatic bud forms off of

Answer 34

common bile duct

Question 35

ventral duct persists as main pancreatic duct (proximal) and attaches where

Answer 35

major duodenal papilla

Question 36

pancreas and duodenum are

Answer 36

secondary retroperitoneal

Question 37

gestational diabetes causes

Answer 37

high maternal glucose

Question 38

effect of gestational DM on baby

Answer 38

maternal glucose can cross placenta but insulin cannot- increased fetal growth - fetal hyperinsulinemia and increase in fetal fat cells

Question 39

normal pregnancy glucose levels

Answer 39

first trimester: decrease in fasting plasma glucose concentration second and third trimester: increase in plasma glucose concentration - promotes fat breakdown

Question 40

congenital hyperinsulinism effects

Answer 40

diffuse B-cell hyperplasia and intractable hypoglycemia - high levels of insulin due to issues with pancreas

Question 41

hyperinsulinemia

Answer 41

higher levels of insulin without a problem with pancreas

Question 42

lateral urogenic ridge becomes

Answer 42

kidneys

Question 43

gonadal ridge cells delaminate via what to form what

Answer 43

EMT to form fetal adrenal cortical cells, the adult version forms via a second wave

Question 44

precursors of chromafin cells

Answer 44

neural crest cells

Question 45

adult and fetal adrenal cortical cell origin

Answer 45

intermediate mesoderm

Question 46

deficiency In 21-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits

Answer 46

hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and ambiguous genitalia in females

Question 47

deficiency In 11B-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits

Answer 47

hypernatremia and hypokalemia ambiguous genitalia in females

Question 48

deficiency In 17a-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits

Answer 48

hypernatremia, hypokalemia and ambiguous genitalia in males

Question 49

pheochromocytoma secrete what and cause what

Answer 49

secrete catecholamines that arise from chromaffin cells, causing hypertension curable by removal of tumor