embryology of renal and urinary tract

Question 1

kidneys arise from which germ layer

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

3 nephric systems

Answer 2

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

Question 3

what are nephrotomes

Answer 3

they form at the cranial end and are the pronephros that degenerates at day 24/25

Question 4

what are mesonephric tubules

Answer 4

attached to mesonephric duct at first 3 lumbar levels, and this is the mesonephros

Question 5

where do the 3 nephric systems form from

Answer 5

nephrogenic ridge

Question 6

what is Bowmans capsule

Answer 6

a bundle of fenestrated capillaries

Question 7

renal corpuscle

Answer 7

Bowmans capsule + glomerulus produces ultrafiltrate (amniotic fluid)

Question 8

what happens to mesonephric duct in females

Answer 8

almost completely regresses

Question 9

what happens to mesonephric duct in the male

Answer 9

becomes ductus defrans

Question 10

ureteric bud forms what

Answer 10

collecting system

Question 11

ureteric bud grows into what

Answer 11

metanephric mesenchyme (derived from intermediate mesoderm)

Question 12

metanephric mesenchyme sends what signal to ureteric buds and what does it cause

Answer 12

Gdnf causes branching

Question 13

what transcription factor regulated Gdnf

Answer 13

Pax2

Question 14

nephrons arise from

Answer 14

renal vesicle

Question 15

collecting duct comes from what

Answer 15

ureteric bud/stalk

Question 16

when is the metanephros functional

Answer 16

10 weeks

Question 17

what performs waste clearance for the fetus

Answer 17

placenta

Question 18

Ureteric bud becomes

Answer 18

Ureter
Renal pelvis
Major calyx
Minor calyx
Collecting duct

Question 19

Metanephric mesoderm
Metanephric vesicles
S-shaped renal tubules
become:

Answer 19

Connecting tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Bowman’s capsule
Renal Glomerulus

Question 20

what are renal columns

Answer 20

renal medulla between pyramids

Question 21

renal agenesis is

Answer 21

missing kidney
can be unilateral or bilateral

Question 22

unilateral renal agenesis symptoms

Answer 22

asymptomatic

Question 23

bilateral renal agenesis symptoms

Answer 23

lethal
oligohydraminos
Potter’s syndrome

Question 24

Potter’s syndrome features

Answer 24

deformed limbs
dry wrinkly skin
facies
pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death)

Question 25

renal hypoplasia

Answer 25

small kidneys without dysplasia

Question 26

renal dysplasia

Answer 26

Disorganization of renal parenchyma with abnormal nephrons

Question 27

Pax2 mutations

Answer 27

can be with renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia, and renal-coloboma syndrome

Question 28

polycystic kidney disease (AD)

Answer 28

adult onset with hypertension later in life

Question 29

polycystic kidney disease (AR)

Answer 29

Generally lethal (no urine production; no drainage into bladder) Fibrocystin/Polyductin

Question 30

consequence of polycystic kidney disease

Answer 30

bleeding hypertension urolithiasis pain

Question 31

metanephric movement

Answer 31

sacral to lumbar region and rotation of the renal pelvis from the anterior to medial side

Question 32

renal artery location change

Answer 32

off of common iliac regress than new one higher off aorta regress then new ones even higher off aorta

Question 33

accessory renal arteries forms when

Answer 33

when one of the previous renal arteries does not regress

Question 34

pelvic kidney

Answer 34

more common in females

Question 35

horseshoe kidney

Answer 35

lower attached kidneys ascent is restricted by the inferior mesenteric artery

Question 36

thoracic kidneys

Answer 36

more common in males and on left side delayed closure of diaphragm- commonly on asymptomatic

Question 37

crossed renal ectopia

Answer 37

both kidneys on same side asymptomatic

Question 38

mesonephric ducts fuse with the

Answer 38

bladder and move down to the neck of the bladder

Question 39

ureteric buds fuse with what and this process is called what

Answer 39

fuse with bladder and called exstrophy

Question 40

trigone (smooth posterior portion of bladder) is derived from

Answer 40

mesonephric duct (intermediate mesoderm)

Question 41

most of bladder is derived from

Answer 41

endoderm

Question 42

uretero-pelvic duplications can be what and what is it caused by

Answer 42

caused by: premature branching of ureteric bud can be: duplicate kidney, renal pelvis or ureter

Question 43

weigert-meyer rule

Answer 43

orthotropic ureter and cranial ureters must cross when 2 ureters are present

Question 44

allantois is attached to bladder and can cause

Answer 44

fluid filled cyst (urachal) or fistula from bladder to umbilicus

Question 45

exstrophy of bladder

Answer 45

Failure of the anterior abdominal wall and the anterior wall of the bladder to develop properly

Question 46

exstrophy of bladder in females is associated with

Answer 46

bifid clitoris

Question 47

exstrophy of bladder in males is associated with

Answer 47

epispadias

Question 48

exstrophy of cloaca

Answer 48

urinary bladder and handgun exposed to environment Failure of the anterior abdominal wall to develop properly, bladder to close, and cloaca fails to partition