Embryology of GI System

Question 1

Foregut

Answer 1

esophagus, stomach, 1/2 duodenum, liver gallbladder, pancreas, spleen

Question 2

Blood supply to foregut

Answer 2

celiac artery

Question 3

Preganglionic sympathetic innervation of foregut

Answer 3

T5-T9

Question 4

Preaortic ganglion sympathetic innervation for foregut

Answer 4

celiac

Question 5

Postganglionic axons of sympathetic foregut

Answer 5

celiac artery

Question 6

Preganglionic parasympathetic innervation for foregut

Answer 6

brainstem

Question 7

Parasymp innervation for foregut

Answer 7

vagus n

Question 8

Location of parasymp foregut ganglia

Answer 8

organ walla

Question 9

Midgut organs

Answer 9

1/2 duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3 transverse colon

Question 10

Blood supply to the midgut

Answer 10

superior mesenteric artery

Question 11

Preganglionic sympathetic innervation for midgut

Answer 11

T9-T12

Question 12

Preaortic ganglion for sympathetic midgut

Answer 12

superior mesenteric

Question 13

Postganglionic axons for sympathetic midgut

Answer 13

superior mesenteric a

Question 14

Preganglionic bodies for parasymp midgut

Answer 14

brainstem

Question 15

Parasymp innervation for midgut

Answer 15

vagus n

Question 16

Hindgut organs

Answer 16

1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

Question 17

Blood supply for hindgut

Answer 17

inferior mesenteric a

Question 18

Preganglionic bodies for sympathetic innervation

Answer 18

T12-L2

Question 19

Preaortic ganglion for sympathetic hindgut

Answer 19

Innferior mesenteric

Question 20

Postganglionic sympathetic innervation for hindgut

Answer 20

inferior mesenteric a

Question 21

Preganglionic bodies for parasymp hindgut

Answer 21

S2-S4

Question 22

Nerves for parasymp innervation

Answer 22

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 23

Retinoic acid in GI development

Answer 23

creates gradient and for certain transcription factors to be expressed in different areas of the gut

Question 24

Proximal to distal concentration of distal gut tube

Answer 24

Increasing retinoic acid

Question 25

Sonic Hedgehog in gut tube development

Answer 25

initiates interaction between epithelium and mesenchyme

Question 26

Where is epithelium derived from

Answer 26

endoderm

Question 27

Where is mesenchyme derived from

Answer 27

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 28

What is derived from the endoderm

Answer 28

epithelium and glands

Question 29

What is derived from splanchnic mesoderm

Answer 29

lamina proria, submucosa, muscularis layers, serosa/adventitia

Question 30

What mesesntery is the gut tube suspended by?

Answer 30

doral

Question 31

What forms from the ventral mesentery

Answer 31

from developing liver- falciform ligament, lesser omentum

Question 32

What does the esophagus form from

Answer 32

laryngeotracheal diverticulum

Question 33

How does tracheoesophageal fistula form

Answer 33

failure of tracheoesophageal septum to fuse completely and separate respiratory and GI system

Question 34

What occurs with an esophageal atresia

Answer 34

esophagus ends in blind pouch

Question 35

Esophageal stenosis

Answer 35

narrowed esophagus

Question 36

Esophageal atresia

Answer 36

occluded esophagus

Question 37

What can occur due to incomplete recanalization

Answer 37

esophageal stenosis or atresia

Question 38

3 ways for esophageal replacement

Answer 38

colon interposition, gastric tube esophagoplasty, gastric transposition

Question 39

Coloninterposition

Answer 39

section of colon taken and joined to esophagus above and stomach below

Question 40

Gastric tube esophagoplasty

Answer 40

longitudinal segment from stomach is pulled up into chest and joined to esophagus

Question 41

Gastric transposition

Answer 41

whole stomach freed and moved into thoracic cavity and attached to upper end of esophagus

Question 42

Corkscrew esophagus

Answer 42

esophagus shows corkscrew appearance

Question 43

Zenker's diverticulum

Answer 43

out pocketing of esophagus between constrictor muscles that can get food or fluid trapped in it

Question 44

Which part of the stomach develops from the dorsal mesentery

Answer 44

greater curvature

Question 45

Which part of the stomach develops from the ventral mesentery

Answer 45

lesser curvature

Question 46

Which side of the stomach grows faster

Answer 46

dorsal side (left)

Question 47

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Answer 47

2-3 weeks after birth, projectile vomit with no bile , scaphoid abdomen

Question 48

Double bubble sign

Answer 48

duodenal atresia- air in stomach and into duodenum

Question 49

What mesentery do the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts develop in

Answer 49

ventral mesentery

Question 50

Molecular regulation of liver by

Answer 50

FGF2 and BMP

Question 51

Growth of the liver divides ventral mesentery into..

Answer 51

falciform ligament and lesser omentum

Question 52

Ligamentum venosum is a fibrous remnant of...

Answer 52

ductus venosus

Question 53

Legamentum terest hepatis is remnant of...

Answer 53

Left umbilical vein

Question 54

S/S of extrahepatic biliary atresia

Answer 54

jaundice, dark urine, pale stool

Question 55

Cause of extrahepatic biliary atresia

Answer 55

incomplete canalization of bile duct

Question 56

Major regulators of the pancreas

Answer 56

Islets of langerhan

Question 57

Which pancreatic bud makes minor papilla

Answer 57

dorsal

Question 58

Which pancreatic bud makes major papilla

Answer 58

ventral

Question 59

Rotation and fixation of midgut

Answer 59

normal physiologic herniation, gut loops into umbilical cord, loop rotates 90 degrees around SMA

Question 60

Volvulus

Answer 60

abnormal twisting of the intestine causing obstruction

Question 61

Bilious Emesis

Answer 61

starts throwing up bile vomit (green)

Question 62

What can cause bilious emesis

Answer 62

malrotation within volvulus `

Question 63

Intussusception

Answer 63

enfolding of one segment of intestine within another

Question 64

Omphalocele

Answer 64

herniation of gut tube that doesn't come back and is covered by umbilical cord

Question 65

Gastroschisis

Answer 65

herniation of gut tube not covered by umbilical cord

Question 66

How does gastroschisis occur

Answer 66

failure of anterior abdominal wall musculature to close during folding

Question 67

Prune Belly

Answer 67

anterior abdominal wall is deficient of absent

Question 68

Ileal/Meckel's diverticulum is a remnant of..

Answer 68

vitelline duct

Question 69

Rule of 2's

Answer 69

location 2 feet proximal to ieocecal valve in adults, half of those who are symptomatic are younger than 2 years of age

Question 70

What happens during an umbilical hernia

Answer 70

gut pushes skin and fascia out ahead of it

Question 71

Hirschsprung's disease

Answer 71

megacolon- large pockets of feces in part of colon that doesn't work

Question 72

What is the only proven treatment for Hirschsprung's disease

Answer 72

surgery

Question 73

Defects in partitioning of the cloaca

Answer 73

rectourethral fistula (or rectoprostatic/rectovaginal)

Question 74

Low anorectal malformation

Answer 74

anal canal ends as bind sac below pelvic diaphragm

Question 75

High anorectal malformation

Answer 75

rectum ends as a blind pouch above the pelvic diaphragm