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anatomy I > Embryology: Placenta, Amniotic fluid & umbilical cord (exam 1) > Flashcards

Embryology: Placenta, Amniotic fluid & umbilical cord (exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of the placenta

A

Embryonic (chorion frondosum)

Maternal (decidua basalis)

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2
Q

Decidua

A

Endometrial lining of the uterine cavity

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3
Q

decidua basalis

A

portion of the endometrium underlying the implantation site

Maternal component of the placenta

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4
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

Portion overlying the implanted embryo and separating it from the uterine cavity
is eventually lost as the amniotic cavity enlarges & occupies all the space in the uterine cavity

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5
Q

Decidua parietalis

A

Remainder of the endometrium that is not decidua basalis and decide capsularis

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6
Q

Chorion fondosum (chorionic plate)

A

Area where villi develop (villas chorion)

Region in contact with decidua basalis

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7
Q

What is the Villi in the horizon fondosum

A

villi are the agents of change between the maternal and fetal systems

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8
Q

primary chorionic villi

A

solid outgrowths of cytotrophoblast that protrude into the syncytiotrophoblast

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9
Q

Function of chorionic villi

A
  • oxygen and nutrients in the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces diffuse through the walls of the villi and enter the fetal capillaries
  • carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse from blood in the fetal capillaries through the walls of the villi to the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces
  • need lots of surface area but thin walls
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10
Q

what is the desired structure of a chorionic villi

A

lots of surface area but thinly walled (promotes gas and nutrient exchange)

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11
Q

Secondary chorionic villi

A

have a core of loos connective tissue, which grows into the primary villi about the third week of development

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12
Q

when is the fetal heart developed

A

about day 21

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13
Q

Tertiary chorionic villi

A

Contain embryonic blood vessels
- these blood vessels connect up with vessels that develop in the chorion and connecting stalk and begin to circulate embryonic blood about the third week of development

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14
Q

about what week of development do villi have blood vessels

A

the third week

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15
Q

what is the intervillous space

A

Space between maternal blood circulation and chorionic villi, this is the space the maternal blood and fetal blood mix

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16
Q

The placental barrier has what to allow things to cross

A

Fenestrations

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17
Q

Placental membrane characteristics

A
  • not a strict barrier
  • variety of substances cross freely
    - beneficial or harmful
    - some substances do not cross
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18
Q

Beneficial substances that cross the placenta

A

O2, CO2, glucose, free fatty acids, Vitamins

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19
Q

Harmful substances that cross the placenta

A

Rubella, measles, herpes, cytomegalovirus, varicella, poliomyelitis

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20
Q

Cat D drugs that cross the placenta

A

some antibiotics, valium, Librium, Xanax, Lithium

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21
Q

Cat X drugs that cross the placenta

A

Thalidomide, Warfarin, isotretinoin, nicotine, alcohol, phenytoin (dilantin)

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22
Q

what is isotretinoin

A

used to treat severe acne that is resistant to more conservative treatments, because of its serious side effects, isotretinoin should be used only for severe resistant acne
examples: Sotret, Claravis, Amnesteem (accutane is no longer available)
side note Rogan has Vitamin A derivative that has affects like accutane

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23
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

-Rh-negative mother with an Rh-postive fetus will produce Antibodies against it
- first pregnancy will be unaffected but during her next pregnancy her antibodies will attack the Rh-postive fetus
this lead to destruction of fetal RBCs
- which will lead to brain damage to fetus and severe edema (hydrous fetalis)
- new born my have Anemia, edema (swelling under the surface of the skin), enlargement of the liver or spleen, hydrous (fluid throughout the body’s tissues, including in the spaces containing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs), newborn jaundice

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24
Q

What is RhoGAM

A

Human immunoglobin with antibodies against the Rh factor

- prevents maternal antibody response to Rh-positive cells for the fetus

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25
what are cotyledons
clusters of villi about 25 | this lets them know if they got all the placenta out after birth
26
how early can chorionic villus sampling be done
at 10-12 wks
27
how early can amniocentesis be done
about 15-20 wks
28
do you get your results faster with chorionic villus sampling or with amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling
29
which part of the fetal circulation delivers nutrients and Oxygen
umbilical vein
30
what delivers wastes and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the maternal circulation
umbilical arteries
31
what is Wharton's jelly and what is its purpose
placental cord (umbilical cord) gelatinous CT it is seen at parturition when it increases in volume to assist closure of placental blood vessels thus allows for loss of blood matrix of cells from jelly have recently been identified as a potential source of stem cells named after Thomas Wharton, who identified it
32
Why is there one umbilical vein
during development, there are two umbilical veins that drain blood from the placenta to the heart the right umbilical vein regress and under normal circumstances is completely obliterated during the second month of development the left umbilical vein persists and delivers blood from the placenta to the developing fetus
33
Which umbilical vein regresses during the 4th week and completely disappears by the 7th wk of development
The right umbilical vein
34
what is PRUV
Persistent right umbilical vein, present in 2/1000
35
Velamentous cord
the fetal blood vessels travel abnormally through the amniochorionic membrane before reaching placenta these vessels are more exposed to drama during the birth process
36
Placenta previa
implantation of the placenta over the cervical os (opening)
37
Placenta accreta
Abnormal trophoblastic invasion into the muscular layer of the uterus (placenta increta) or through the uterine wall and into the surrounding tissues (placenta percerta)
38
placenta increta
abnormal trophoblastic invasion into the muscular layer of the uterus
39
Placenta percerta
Abnormal trophoblastic invasion through the uterine wall and into the surrounding tissues (organs)
40
Total placenta previa
placenta previa covers and blocks the cervical opening
41
partial placenta previa
covers part of the cervical opening
42
low-lying placenta
near the cervical opening but not covering it
43
Cervical cerclage
place a stitch in the cervix to hold it closed
44
Describe some of the endocrine functions of the placenta
Synthesizes glycogen, cholesterol, and fatty acids synthesis and please of hormones most synthesized in the syncytiotrophoblast (ex hCG- stimulates production of progesterone by the ovary) nutrients, oxygen, and some immunoglobulins removes waste products Chorionic somatomammotropin - also know as human placental lactogen (hPL) - progesterone- steroid hormone that maintains the endometrial lining during pregnancy, also suppresses contractility in the uterine smooth muscles - Estrogens- steroid hormones stimulate mammary gland development
45
what is the function of chorionic somatommotropin (human placental lactogen (hPL))
induces lipolysis, elevating free fatty acids in mother | - "growth hormone" of the fetus
46
What is a sign of placental aging
Calcification
47
Explain placental calcification
sign of placental aging The pattern of calcification (precipitation of calcium hydroxyapatite) is similar to that seen in other aging tissues probably a response to cell death and diminished blood circulation in localized regions of the placenta one significant risk factor- smoking
48
What is the significant factor linked to placental calcification
smoking
49
what is lithopedion
after fetal death the fetus is too large to be reabsorbed by the body and calcifies usually associated with ectopic pregnancy
50
How large does the amniotic cavity become
1000cc
51
functions of the amniotic fluid
Permits symmetrical external growth - Enables fetus to move freely - acts as a barrier to infection - permits normal fetal lung development - prevents adherence of amnion to embryo/fetus - helps maintain homeostasis (temp, fluids, electrolytes)
52
Oligohydramnios
low volume of amniotic fluid associated with renal agenesis and obstructive uropathy complications- pulmonary hypoplasia & limb defects example Potter's syndrome
53
Renal agenesis
one or both of the kidneys fail to develop | leads to oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid)
54
Pulmonary hypoplasia
underdeveloped lungs due to oligohydramnios amniotic fluid must be brought into the lung by fetal breathing movements, leading to dissension of the developing lung
55
Polyhydramnios
High volume of amniotic fluid associated with CNS anomalies and esophageal atresia (atresia is closing of a tube that should be open)
56
amniotic band syndrome
tears in the amnion detach and surround fetus - or adhesions between the mansion and affected structures - may cause ring constrictions or amputations of sums or digits
57
what are the two ways that the vascular system develops
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
58
Vasculogenesis
Blood vessels arise from blood islands. | way which major blood vessels arise
59
Angiogenesis
Vessel formation via branches arising from existing vessels
60
how doe major vessels form
Vasculogenesis
61
definitive hematopoietic cells arise from
mesoderm around the aorta
62
AGM (aorta-gonad mesonephros region)
definitive hematopoietic stem cells | these cells will colonize the liver
63
Where dot he hematopoietic stem cells of a fetus colonize
The liver. from the liver later colonize the spleen, thymus and ultimately the bone marrow
64
Who loves Halen
Tyler does !!!

anatomy I (7 decks)

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