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anatomy I > The embryonic period (exam 1) > Flashcards

The embryonic period (exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Extraembryonic (XE) Mesoderm derived from

A

Epiblast (&yolk sac)

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2
Q

where is the extraembryonic (XE) mesoderm found

A

between inner lining of the cytotrophoblast and the yolk sac

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3
Q

What is the function of the extraembryonic (XE) Mesoderm

A

Continue to separate embryo from surrounding uterine tissue

new layer is important in forming the matron-fetal interface (placenta)

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4
Q

What is the fetal contribution to the placenta

A

Chorion

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5
Q

what does the XE splanchnic viscera become

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

what is the maternal contribution to the placenta

A

Endometrial lining

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7
Q

Pregnancy US may be done in the first trimester to

A

Confirm a normal pregnancy
Determine the baby’s age
look for problems, such as ectopic pregnancies or the chances for a miscarriage
determine the baby’s heart rate
look for multiple pregnancies
identify problems of the placenta, uterus, cervix, and ovaries

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8
Q

what takes place in the embryonic period

A
  • all major body systems develop
  • 2D disk to 3D cylinder
  • Folding of the embryo
  • Craniocaudal folding- CNS
  • Lateral folding- amnio/body wall
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9
Q

What is the beginning of morphogenesis

A

Development of body form

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10
Q

what is morphogenesis

A

Development of body form

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11
Q

What forms a trilaminar embryonic disk

A

Gastrulation

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12
Q

what establishes the 3 primary germ layers

A

Gastrulation

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13
Q

The 3 tissue layers give rise to what

A

All tissues and organs of the adult

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14
Q

What marks the beginning of gastrulation

A

The appearance of the primitive streak

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15
Q

What marks the future axis of the embryo

A

The primitive streak

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16
Q

The buccopharyngeal membrane becomes what

A

The mouth

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17
Q

What does the cloacal membrane become

A

The anus

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18
Q

how does the primitive streak form

A

proliferation of epiblast cells, cels migrate to the center of the embryo

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19
Q

At what end does the primitive streak elongate

A

At the caudal end

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20
Q

what is a sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

Remnants of a primitive streak
derivatives of all 3 germ layers
common tumor type in newborn (1:35000)
Bizarre mixture of tissue types (all layers)

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21
Q

what is caudal dysplasia

A

Germ layer disorder
total or partial failure of development of the lower vertebrae, including the sacrum, which results in associated abnormalities of the lower extremities, spine, kidneys, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts
- also known as sacral agenesis, sacral regression, caudal aplasia, caudal regression sequence, sirenomelia

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22
Q

What causes caudal dysplasia

A

Abnormal gastrulation
mesoderm migration is disturbed
Maternal diabetes?
- in about 16% of cases (relative risk for a child
diabetic mother: about 1%

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23
Q

What is caudal dysgenesis

A

Caudal dysgenesis with complete absence of the sacrum and lower vertebrae, multiple congenital anomalies, and association with maternal diabetes

  • Agenesis of the distal sacral or coccygeal segments
  • Hemisacral dysgenesis with presacral teratoma
  • Hemisacral dysgenesis with anterior meningocele (SDAM)
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24
Q

when does the primitive streak appear

A

around the 14th day

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25
what is the primitive streak replaced by
Notochord
26
where dos the notochord form
in the middle layer (mesoderm)
27
what are the functions of the notochord
Structure- acts as a rigid axis around which the embryo develops skeletal- foundation upon which the vertebral column (vertebral bodies) will form Forms part of the intervertebral discs induction- will bring about formation of the neural tube (future nervous system)
28
what is a chordoma
Primary malignant bone cancer origin: develops form remnants of embryonic notochord Location: found in skull-base (head) and spine Incidence: 1 per million per year: about 300 new cases per year in the U.S. Average age at diagnosis: 49 for skull base, 59 for spine age range: all ages Average survival: 7 years Gender distribution: affects men more than women Treatment options: primarily surgery and radiation Approved Drugs: none
29
How is the notochord formed
Migrating cells also form a median column of cells posterior to head region
30
What is the notochords involvement in neural tube development
Specific signaling molecules are produced by cells of the notochord that elicit a response in the overlying ectoderm to begin the process of neurulation (formation of the neural tube)
31
what is induction
when one group of cells/tissues causes another set of cells/tissues to change their fate
32
what are some factors that play a key role in induction
Timing, duration, and strength of signaling
33
do responders cross-talk with inducers
Yes
34
Most signalling molecules are what
proteins synthesized by an inducer cell
35
What are GDFs
Growth and differentiation factors (type of cell-to-cell signaling molecule)
36
Describe Neurulation
Specific molecules are produced by cells of the notochord that elicit a response in the overlying ectoderm to begin the process of neurulation (formation of the neural tube) - will separate the ectoderm into two parts - epithelial (surface) ectoderm - neural ectoderm
37
steps of neurulation
1. ) thickening of neural plate 2. ) Formation of the neural folds and groove 3. ) convergence of the lateral margins of the neural plate 4. ) fusion of the neural plate to form the neural tube
38
Derivatives of ectoderm
Epithelial or surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm
39
what is made up of epithelial ectoderm
(organs and systems that maintain contact with the environment) Epidermis, hair, nails, tooth enamel, cutaneous glands (sweat, oil, ceruminous), mammary glands, anterior pituitary, lens of the eye, inner ear (membranous labyrinth), sensory nasal epithelium
40
Where is neuroectoderm derived
derived from neural plate and neural folds
41
What are the two groups of neuroectoderm
Neural tube and neural crest
42
What is made from cells form the neural tube
CNS, retina, pineal body, and posterior pituitary
43
What is made form neural crest cells
Sensory ganglia and nerves of the PNS (cranial and spinal) autonomic ganglia and postganglionic fibers, schwann cells, adrenal medulla, pigment cells, pharyngeal arch cartilages. components of the eye, skull, teeth and skin. separation of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and structure of the face
44
Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) syndromes
group of 150 heritable disorder that affect the ectoderm, the outer layer of tissue in a developing baby. ED syndromes affect both males and females of all races and ethnic groups - diagnosed if a child has at least two ectodermal abnormalities for example, malformed teeth and extremely sparse hair)
45
Pigmentary disorder
Diseases of melanocyte development, function and survival
46
Piebaldism
A pigment disorder | characterized y a congenital white forelock and multiple symmetrical hypopigmented or depigmented areas
47
why does albinism cause nystagmus
presence of melanin during ocular development is important fovea fails to develop properly if melanin is absent during development neural connection between the retina and brain are altered if melanin is absent during development
48
Vitiligo
pigment disorder - loss of melanocytes - autoimmune disorder - 75-80% success rate with melanocyte transplants
49
Prosencephalon
Forebrain
50
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
51
Rhombencephalon
Hindbrain
52
Where does the bend in neural folding occur
At the mesencephalon (midbrain)
53
Inencephaly
Extreme retroflexion of the head short and almost absent neck, hyperextended spine, facial sin is connected directly to the skin of the chest; the scalp is directly connected to the skin of the back
54
Encephalocele
Cranium bifida cranial defect with herniation of intracranial contents, most common in the occipital region just the meninges
55
Meningoencephalocele
Cranium bifida | is the meninges and brain
56
Meningohydroencephalocele
Cranium bifida | meninges, brain, & ventricular system
57
Arnold-Chiari malformation
herniation of cerebellar vermis or tonsils through the foramen magnum blocking the flow of CSF
58
Spina bifida
Failure of the caudal neuropore to close
59
Spina bifida occulta
failure of the caudal neuropore to close spinal cord is normal tufts of hair vertebral arches fail to unite
60
Spina bifida meningocele
failure of the caudal neuropore to close | dura and arachnoid also protrude
61
Spina bifida meningomyelocele (spina bifida cystica)
Failure of the caudal neuropore to close | neural tissue also protrudes with dura and arachnoid mater
62
how much folic acid are women advised to take to reduce NTDs (neural tube defects)
.4mg of folic acid prevents 70% of human neural tube defects also may reduce rate of congenital heart disease
63
evidence suggests that increased levels of what may lead to failure of the neural tube to close
Homocysteine levels (homocysteine to methionine)
64
what is the triple marker screen test
measures the levels of fetoprotein (AFD), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and estriol AFD is made in fetal liver. fetus with NTD will have AFD leak into amniotic fluid and thus be in mothers blood. AFD is increase with NTD, and decreased with Trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18 free bHCG- increased with trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18 Unconjugated Estriol (uE3)- Decreased in Trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18
65
where is Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) produced
Fetal liver
66
Who loves Halen?
Tyler!!!

anatomy I (7 decks)

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