Lecture 1

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

(c384-322BC)
Interest in natural world lead him to examining living things
Wrote about the anatomy of living animals
a comparative anatomical approach lead him to relationships between animals
FIRST to think about variation among animals in terms of adaption and evolution

Question 2

Herophilus and Erasistrasus

Answer 2

(c300BC)
Surgeons during the Ptolemaic Period in Alexandra, Egypt
Taught anatomy
** Performed the first systemic dissections on cadavers and also on living criminals.**
First to describe the relationship between peripheral and central nervous systems, and promote the idea that there are motor and sensory impulses

Question 3

Galen

Answer 3

(c130-201 AD)
Roman physician and surgeon
Studied injuries to gladiators
Dissected monkeys and other animals
wrote treatises on human anatomical form
Promoted the idea that blood and not air ran through vessels. 
*Great Vein of Galen named after him*

Question 4

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 4

(c1489-1515AD)

viewed the human body as one of the greatest works of art and one that must be analyzed and studied

Question 5

Vesalius

Answer 5

(c1533-1543AD)
Father of anatomical studies
published the first print of anatomical text in 1543AD

Question 6

What are general studies of anatomy

Answer 6

They deal with function, organization, and relationships of structures in an organism- a crucial step in understanding anatomy

Question 7

What is clinical anatomy?

Answer 7

puts structure, function, organization, and relationships within an organism in the context of maintenance of a healthy patient and prevention of disease.

Question 8

State the 6 basic levels of organization from smallest to greatest

Answer 8

chemical level

Question 9

What is an organ

Answer 9

Different tissue types that work together to perform a specific, complex function.

Question 10

Organ system

Answer 10

Related organs that work together coordinate activities and achieve a common function
There are 11 organ systems in the body

Question 11

How many organ systems are there in the human body

Answer 11

11

Question 12

Organism

Answer 12

All organ systems function interdependently in a single living human being, the organism

Question 13

Name the human organ systems

Answer 13

Integument, Skeletal, musculature, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous, Urinary, Digestive, Lymphatic, Reproductive, Endocrine

Question 14

Functions of the Integumentary system

Answer 14

Protection, Regulates body temperature, Synthesizes Vitamin D, Contains subcutaneous receptors, prevents water loss

Question 15

Functions of the skeletal system

Answer 15

Support, protects vital organs, is the site of hematopoiesis, Stores/releases calcium and phosphorus , allows for for body movement

Question 16

Function of Muscular system

Answer 16

Produces body movements, generates heat when muscles contract, and stores protein

Question 17

What is the function of the nervous system

Answer 17

A regulatory system that controls body movements
Responds to sensory stimuli
helps control all other systems in the body
also in charge of consciousness, memory, and intelligence

Question 18

What is the function of the Endocrine system

Answer 18

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which help regulate: metabolism, body and cell growth, chemical levels, and reproductive functions

Question 19

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 19

Consists of a heart, which pumps blood through vessels in order to distribute gases, nutrients, hormones, and pick up waste products

Question 20

What is the function of the lymphatic system

Answer 20

Transports and filters the lymph (interstitial fluid)
initiates an immune response when necessary
Drains interstitial fluid back into blood stream
Houses a large bulk of the immune system
common point of metastasis. They are often removed with the removal of the initial/nearby tumor

Question 21

What is the function of the Respiratory system

Answer 21

Responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air in lungs.
houses the larynx and vocal chords

Question 22

What is the function of the digestive system

Answer 22

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials

• absorbs nutrients
• expels wast products

Question 23

What is the function of the urinary system

Answer 23

filters blood and removes waste products from blood.

Concentrates the waste products in the form of urine and then expels the waste

Question 24

Function of male reproductive system

Answer 24

Produces gametes and sex hormones

transfers sperm to female

Question 25

Function of the Female reproductive system

Answer 25

Produces oocytes and sex hormones Receives sperm from male sit of fertilization and embryo development

Question 26

The human body is partitioned into how many main regions

Answer 26

2

Question 27

What are the names of the main regions in which the human body is partitioned?

Answer 27

Axial & Appendicular

Question 28

What is the axial region

Answer 28

head, neck, and trunk, which comprise the main vertical axis of the human body

Question 29

What is the appendicular regin

Answer 29

The upper and lower extremities which attach to the body's axis

Question 30

What is Regional Anatomy

Answer 30

study of anatomy based on regions of the body, emphasizes relationships among structures

Question 31

What is systemic anatomy

Answer 31

Study of anatomy based on organ systems.

Question 32

What is anatomical position

Answer 32

upright feet parallel and flat on floor head is level and eyes look straight toward observer arms are at either side with palms facing anteriorly/forward and thumbs pointed away from the body

Question 33

What is a plane

Answer 33

An imaginary line that slices the body in specific sections

Question 34

what are the three major anatomic planes

Answer 34

coronal, transverse, and sagittal

Question 35

what is the plane and direction of a CT

Answer 35

Transverse plane, inferior to superior.

Question 36

what is a coronal (frontal plane)

Answer 36

Vertical plane that cuts the body into posterior and anterior parts

Question 37

What is a transverse plane

Answer 37

also called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane. Cuts the body horizontally across the long axis of the body thus creating superior and inferior parts

Question 38

What is a Sagittal plane

Answer 38

Also called a median plane. | Extends through the body vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves

Question 39

What is a midsagittal plane

Answer 39

it is a sagittal plane in the body midline

Question 40

What is a parasagittal plane

Answer 40

a plane that is parallel to a midsagittal plane but is either to the left or right.

Question 41

Anterior

Answer 41

in front of; toward the front of

Question 42

Posterior

Answer 42

in back of; toward the back

Question 43

Dorsal

Answer 43

on the back side

Question 44

Ventral

Answer 44

on the belly side

Question 45

why do the Upper and lower extremities have flexion in opposite directions?

Answer 45

During embryological development the lower extremity rotates

Question 46

Superior

Answer 46

Toward the head; above

Question 47

Inferior

Answer 47

toward the feet; below

Question 48

Cranial

Answer 48

Toward the head end

Question 49

Caudal

Answer 49

Toward the tail end; rear

Question 50

Medial

Answer 50

Used to indicate that the structure si nearer to the median plane of the body

Question 51

Dorsum

Answer 51

Superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly form the body, and the posterior surface of the hand (which is opposite of the palm)

Question 52

Lateral

Answer 52

away from the midline of the body

Question 53

Deep

Answer 53

on the inside, away from the surface

Question 54

Superficial

Answer 54

On the outside surface

Question 55

Proximal

Answer 55

Closest to the point of attachment to the trunk

Question 56

Distal

Answer 56

Furthest from the point of attachment to the trunk

Question 57

The posterior aspect of the body has how many major cavities and what are they called

Answer 57

2 | The cranial and vertebral cavity

Question 58

What is the cranial cavity

Answer 58

One of the 2 major posterior cavities | Formed by the cranium and houses the brain

Question 59

Vertebral Cavity

Answer 59

1 of the 2 major posterior cavities, formed by the vertebral bodies and houses the spinal cord

Question 60

Both the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities are lined with what

Answer 60

Thin serous membranes | which are two layers, parietal and visceral

Question 61

what is the visceral layer

Answer 61

a thin serous membrane that lines the outer walls of organs

Question 62

What is the parietal layer

Answer 62

A thin serous membrane layer that lines the internal surface of the body cavity wall.

Question 63

what is a serous cavity

Answer 63

Is thin cavity between the visceral and parietal layers that contains a lubricating film of serous fluid. This reduces friction and allows the organs to move smoothly against one another and the body wall

Question 64

What is the mediastinum

Answer 64

The median space in the thoracic cavity | it contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.

Question 65

What is the pericardium

Answer 65

Two layered serous membrane that houses the heart within the mediastinum

Question 66

what is the pleura

Answer 66

two layered serous membrane (parietal-internal surface of thoracic wall) and (visceral- external surface of the lung) between them is a moist, narrow, potential space called the pleural cavity

Question 67

what is the pleural cavity

Answer 67

Is the moist, narrow, potential space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Question 68

What is the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 68

Consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 69

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 69

it is the moist two layer serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 70

How many parts make up the abdominopelvic cavity and name them

Answer 70

9 right hydrochondriac region ( Hydrochondriac- below the costal cartilage ), Epigastric region, left hydrochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hydrogastric region, left iliac region.

Question 71

Hippocrates

Answer 71

Father of modern medicine but not the father of anatomy Hippocratic oath Relatively little interest in anatomy (460-380BC)