EMM_Lecture 1

Question 1

Publication Bias

Answer 1

The tendency for studies with significant or desirable results to be published more frequently than studies with non-significant or undesirable results.

Question 2

Big Data

Answer 2

Large and complex datasets collected from various sources, such as social media, online purchases, and company records.

Question 3

Noise (in Data)

Answer 3

Irrelevant or misleading information in a dataset that can obscure meaningful patterns.

Question 4

Overspecification

Answer 4

The inclusion of too many variables in a model, leading to overfitting and unreliable predictions.

Question 5

Correlation vs. Causation

Answer 5

Correlation is when two variables move together, but causation means one variable directly influences another.

Question 6

Endogeneity

Answer 6

A situation where an independent variable is influenced by the dependent variable, creating a circular causality issue.

Question 7

Identification Issues

Answer 7

Problems in accurately measuring a concept using available data.

Question 8

P-Values

Answer 8

A statistical measure used to determine the significance of a result.

Question 9

Smart Data

Answer 9

High-quality, relevant data that helps answer a specific research question.

Question 10

Empirical Research

Answer 10

Research based on observed and measured phenomena, rather than theory or speculation.

Question 11

Deductive Approach

Answer 11

A research method that starts with a theory or hypothesis and tests it using data.

Question 12

Inductive Approach

Answer 12

A research method that starts with data, finds patterns, and builds a theory.

Question 13

Research Process

Answer 13

A systematic approach to conducting empirical research.

Question 14

Hypothesis

Answer 14

A testable statement about the relationship between variables.

Question 15

Null Hypothesis (H₀)

Answer 15

The assumption that there is no effect or difference between variables.

Question 16

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁)

Answer 16

The assumption that there is an effect or difference between variables.

Question 17

Cross-Sectional Research Design

Answer 17

A study that collects data at a single point in time.

Question 18

Longitudinal Research Design

Answer 18

A study that collects data over multiple time points.

Question 19

Exploratory Research

Answer 19

A research approach used to explore new ideas or identify potential problems.

Question 20

Descriptive Research

Answer 20

Research that aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

Question 21

Experimental Research

Answer 21

Research that manipulates one or more variables to test causal relationships.

Question 22

Ethical Research Considerations

Answer 22

Ethical principles applied throughout the research process.

Question 23

Anonymity

Answer 23

Ensuring that no individual can be identified from the collected data.

Question 24

Confidentiality

Answer 24

Keeping personal data private and not disclosing it to unauthorized parties.

Question 25

Data Fabrication

Answer 25

The act of creating or falsifying research data.

Question 26

Selective Reporting

Answer 26

The practice of only reporting data that supports a desired conclusion while ignoring contradictory evidence.

Question 27

P-Hacking

Answer 27

Manipulating data analysis to achieve statistically significant results.

Question 28

Peer Review

Answer 28

The process of experts evaluating research before publication.

Question 29

Literature Review

Answer 29

A comprehensive analysis of existing research on a topic.

Question 30

Retail Data Tracking

Answer 30

The practice of using customer data to predict shopping behavior.

Question 31

Research Misconduct

Answer 31

Any unethical or dishonest practice in conducting or reporting research.

Question 32

Whistleblower Protection

Answer 32

Safeguards for individuals who report unethical research practices.