Emma2

Question 1

male haemoglobin range

Answer 1

135-170

Question 2

female haemoglobin range

Answer 2

120-160

Question 3

RBC range

Answer 3

4-5x10^12/L

Question 4

platelets range

Answer 4

150-400

Question 5

WBC range

Answer 5

4-10

Question 6

neutrophil range

Answer 6

1.5-7

Question 7

lymphocytes range

Answer 7

1.5-4

Question 8

monocytes range

Answer 8

0.2-0.8

Question 9

eosinophils range

Answer 9

0.1-0.5

Question 10

basophils range

Answer 10

0.01-0.1

Question 11

function of reduced glutathione

Answer 11

scavenges and detoxifies reactive oxygen species

Question 12

enzymopathy

Answer 12

disorder that results in missing or defective enzymes

Question 13

thalassaemia

Answer 13

reduced or absent global chain production (alpha, beta, delta, gamma)

Question 14

haemolysis

Answer 14

rupture and destruction of red blood cells

Question 15

consequences of haemolysis

Answer 15

• endothelial activation
• promotion of inflammation
• coagulation activation
• dysregulation of vasomotor tone by vasodilator mediators
• vaso-occlusion

Question 16

what analgesic should be avoided in sickle cell crisis

Answer 16

pethidine

Question 17

hypochromic

Answer 17

red blood cells have less hemoglobin than normal

Question 18

microcytic anaemia

Answer 18

presence of small, often hypochromic, red blood cells in a peripheral blood smear and is usually characterized by a low MCV (less than 83 micron 3)

Question 19

most common cause of microcytic anaemia

Answer 19

low iron

Question 20

normochromic anaemia

Answer 20

anaemia in which haemoglobin conc. in red blood cells is within normal range, but there is insufficient number of red blood cells

Question 21

causes of normochromic anaemia

Answer 21

• aplastic
• post haemorrhagic
• haemolytic anaemias
• anaemias of chronic disease

Question 22

macrocytic anaemia

Answer 22

unusually large red blood cells, which have a low conc of haemoglobin

Question 23

investigation for hypochromic and microcytic anaemia

Answer 23

serum ferritin

Question 24

investigation for normochromic and normocytic anaemia

Answer 24

reticulocyte count

Question 25

investigation for microcytic anaemia

Answer 25

B12/ folate/ bone marrow

Question 26

reticulocyte count

Answer 26

blood test that measures how fast red blood cells called reticulocytes are made by the bone marrow and released into the blood

Question 27

what is a reticulocyte

Answer 27

immature red blood cells

Question 28

function of ferroportin

Answer 28

transport iron from enterocytes and macrophages

Question 29

function of transferrin

Answer 29

transports iron in the plasma

Question 30

how is iron stored in the blood

Answer 30

ferritin

Question 31

where is iron absorbed

Answer 31

duodenum

Question 32

function of hepcidin

Answer 32

it is synthesised in hepatocytes in response to increase in iron levels and inflammation -> blocks ferroportin so reduces intestinal absorption and mobilisation from reticuloendothelial cells

Question 33

what causes an increase in hepcidin

Answer 33

increase in iron levels inflammation

Question 34

what does positive DAGT indicate?

Answer 34

immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

Question 35

what does negative DAGT indicate

Answer 35

non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

Question 36

investigation for differentiating between immune/ non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

Answer 36

DAGT

Question 37

DAGT result in non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

Answer 37

negative

Question 38

DAGT result in immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

Answer 38

positive

Question 39

haemolysing

Answer 39

red blood cells are rupturing

Question 40

what is vit B12 bound to in portal circulation

Answer 40

transcobalamin II

Question 41

potential causes of macrocytosis

Answer 41

- B12 deficiency - folate deficiency - alcohol - drugs (methotrexate, antiretrovirals, hydroxycarbamide) - disordered liver function - hypothyroidism - myelodysplasia