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Brain & behaviour > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Are emotion and reason linked?

A

Yes. Without emotion we can’t make rational decisions

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2
Q

Who is phineas gage

A

Explosion sent an iron rod through his skull his general function was okay but his personality and emotions were different

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3
Q

Who is Elliot in relation to emotion

A

He had brain surgery to remove a frontal lobe tumour he was different after the operation he seemed devoid of emotion and made foolish decisions

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4
Q

What is emotion

A

Evaluative response either positive or negative

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5
Q

What does emotion include

A

Physiological arousal

Subjective experience

Behavioural/emotional expression

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6
Q

What is expression

A

Overt signs of emotion

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7
Q

What is mood

A

More general emotional state that may or may not be externally expressed

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8
Q

What is the affect of emotion

A

Pattern of behaviour that express emotions

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9
Q

Emotional Valence?

A

Emotions can be classified according to their emotions

  • positive
  • negative
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10
Q

Can emotional valence impact on behaviour

A

Yes there is a positive effect associated with pleasure seeking approach orientated behaviour

And a negative affect related to the avoidance of behaviours

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11
Q

What is the discrete emotions theory

A

Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that:

  • serve distinct evolutionary purposes
  • have distinct physiological responses
  • are universal across cultures (the way we express is different)
  • occurs before thought
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12
Q

What did Darwin say about emotions

A

They serve adaptive purposes and increase the chances of survival

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13
Q

How do emotions help survival

A

Social communication and internal motivator for example fear

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14
Q

How many primary emotions are in the discrete emotion theory

A

Seven

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15
Q

What are the primary emotions involved in the discrete emotion theory

A 
Anger 
Fear 
Disgust 
Surprised 
Happy 
Sad 
Contempt
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16
Q

Are positive or negative emotions easier to recognise

A

Positive are more easily recognisable

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17
Q

What are secondary emotions in the discrete emotions theory

A

They are when you combine two or more primary emotions

Eg. Anger and disgust

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18
Q

What does the German word schadenfreude mean?

A

Glee of experiencing misfortune of others

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19
Q

Does the discrete emotions theory claim to be culturally consistent?

A

Cross cultural studies have found the seven primary emotions are universally recognised and expressed

However different cultures give different weight to emotions

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20
Q

What do display rules mean? (Discrete emotions theory)

A

Cultures have different rules about how and when to express emotions

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21
Q

Which brain region produces fear

A

The amygdala

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22
Q

Which brain region produces disgust

A

The insula

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23
Q

What are the cognitive theories of emotion

A

The James-Lange theory

The somatic marker theory

Cannon-bard theory

Appraisal theory

Two factor theory of emotion (singer-shacter)

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24
Q

Explain the James-Lange theory

A

There is an emotion inducing stimulus that leads to behavioural and bodily responses there is a subjective interpretation of arousal emotion

This means that responses are driven by what was feeling emotions result from interpretations of our bodily reaction to stimuli

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25
Q

What is the evidence for the James-Lange theory

A

higher spinal damage associated with reduced subjective emotion

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26
Q

What is the evidence against the James-Lange theory

A

Emotional responses can be faster than physiological and we are not always aware of our bodily reactions

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27
Q

Explain the somatic marker theory

A

Gut reactions and physiological response unconsciously directs our decision-making and emotional reactions

28
Q

What is the evidence against the somatic marker theory

A

People with pure autonomic failure can make decisions without any bodily feedback

29
Q

Explain the cannon-bard theory

A

Emotional and behavioural responses are elicited simultaneously and independently

So an emotion provoking event produces an emotion and a bodily reaction at the same time

30
Q

What is the evidence against the Canon bared theory

A

It is argued that most physiological changes occur to slowly to trigger emotional reactions that happen quickly

The somatic and autonomic responses can influence emotional experience in some cases

31
Q

What is the appraisal theory?

A

Emotions are extracted from our appraisal to a stimulus

Emotions will vary depending on the significance of the stimulus

32
Q

What is the two-factor theory of emotion?

A

Two psychological events required to produce an emotion

Emotions are the explanation we attach to our arousal

  1. Unspecified physiological/autonomic arousal
  2. Cognitive interpretation asked on internal/external event
33
Q

What is the criticism of the two-factor theory of emotion?

A

Emotion can occur in the absence of arousal

34
Q

What is an example of the two factor theory of emotion

A

People rate the opposite sex as more attractive if they have just been on a roller coaster

35
Q

What are the effects of cognitive appraisal have on us

A

Can influence how we perceive the emotions of others

36
Q

What are the different types of emotional regulation

A

Reframing

Suppressing

37
Q

What is reframing?

A

Creating a different way of looking at a situation

Reframing the meaning of an event before emotional response occurs reduces negative affect

38
Q

What is suppressing?

A

Preventing the development or expression.

Suppressing emotions after the emotional response leads to increased autonomic arousal

39
Q

What effect does emotion have on cognition

A

It affects mood and can influence memory capacity, problem-solving, decision-making, judgements, inferences, predictions

Biases our attention and recall of particular information

Influences expectations for the future

40
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

You are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features

41
Q

What is the supporting evidence for the facial feedback hypothesis

A

There was a study and participants contracted face muscles and the autonomic response was measured participants felt the emotion they displayed but this could be due to classical conditioning

42
Q

How does the limbic system play a role in emotion?

A

It produces and regulates emotional responses and helps us to interpret the emotions of others

43
Q

What is the cingulate cortex

A

A part of the limbic system and is involved in emotional expression and interpreting and engaging in social behaviour

44
Q

Explain Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Bilateral removal or damage to the amygdala

The main symptoms were a lack of fear, an urge to put objects in mouth, memory loss, hypersexuality, visual distractibility, placidity and emotional blunting

45
Q

What is the insula cortex?

A

Involved in the recognition and experience of disgust

46
Q

Explain the high and low road

A

The low road means to be fast: it is a fast subcortical pathway by the thalamus for rapid threat detection

The high road means to be sure: slower cortical path with more complex analysis

47
Q

Are there any brain structures linked to just one emotion

A

No

48
Q

What are some non-verbal expressions of emotion

A

Facial expressions

Posture

Gestures

Emblems (ok sign, waving, thumbs up)

49
Q

Explain non-verbal leakage

A

Often a powerful cue that we are trying to hide an emotion

Unconscious spillover of emotions into non-verbal behaviour

50
Q

What are micro expressions

A

Brief expressions which occur when trying to conceal emotions

51
Q

Explain emotional distance

A 
There are four levels:
public 
social 
personal and 
intimate
52
Q

What is proxemics

A

The study of personal space

53
Q

Public level of distance?

A

12 ft or more

Eg. Public speaking

54
Q

Social level of distance?

A

4-12 ft.

Eg. Conversation among strangers

55
Q

Personal level of distance?

A

1.5-4ft

Eg. Conversations among close friends

56
Q

Intimate level of distance?

A

0-1.5ft

Eg. Kissing and hugging

57
Q

What is happiness good for?

A

May produce enduring physical and psychological benefits

58
Q

What is the broadens and build theory?

A

Happiness predisposes is to think more openly which allows us to see the bigger picture

59
Q

Why do happier people tend to live longer?

A

They tend to cope better with bad life events

60
Q

What makes us happy?

A 
Marriage 
Friendship 
Education
Religion
Exercise 
Gratitude 
Giving
Flow
61
Q

What doesn’t make us happy?

A

What happens to us
Money
Youth
Never being worried

62
Q

What is self esteem

A

A persons evaluation of their worth.

63
Q

What are the benefits of self esteem?

A

High self esteem is associated with greater initiative and persistence.

Related to positive illusions which are the tendencies to perceive ourselves more positively than others do

64
Q

What is a downside to self esteem

A

Can be maladaptive in extreme amounts

65
Q

What is positive psychology

A

Emphasises human strengths (resilience, coping, life satisfaction, love and happiness)

Interventions help people incorporate character strengths and virtues into daily life

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