Emotion and motivation

Question 1

What is the lateral hypothalamus?

Answer 1

Nucleus in the hypothalamus which when stimulated makes us eat

Question 2

What is the ventromedial nucleus?

Answer 2

Nucleus in the hypothalamus which when stimulated suppresses eating

Question 3

Which neuropeptide transmitters cause eating behaviour?

Answer 3

• Orexin

- MCH

Question 4

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus causes eating behaviour when stimulated?

Answer 4

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 5

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus suppresses eating behaviour when stimulated? (2)

Answer 5

• Ventromedial nucleus

- Paraventricular nucleus

Question 6

What is leptin?

Answer 6

Hormone produced by fat tissue which then reduces body fat

Question 7

What is released from the lateral hypothalamus to cause eating behaviour? (2)

Answer 7

• Orexin

- MCH

Question 8

Which neuropeptides are released by satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus? (3)

Answer 8

• POMC
• Alpha MSH
• CART

Question 9

Which neuropeptides are released by hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus? (2)

Answer 9

• Neuropeptide Y

- AgRP

Question 10

How does leptin affect eating?

Answer 10

• Leptin excites satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus which inhibit the lateral hypothalamus causing less feeding
• Leptin also inhibits the hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus as they excite the lateral hypothalamus

Question 11

Which 4 nuclei in the hypothalamus are involved in eating behaviour?

Answer 11

• Lateral hypothalamus
• Ventromedial nucleus
• Arcuate nucleus
• Paraventricular nucleus

Question 12

How is the arcuate nucleus connected to the lateral hypothalamus?

Answer 12

• Hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus excite the lateral hypothalamus causing feeding
• Satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus inhibit the lateral hypothalamus which stops feeding

Question 13

How is leptin connected to the arcuate nucleus?

Answer 13

The neurons in the arcuate nucleus have leptin receptors so respond to levels of leptin in the blood

Question 14

How does the paraventricular nucleus affect eating behaviour?

Answer 14

Inhibits feeding when stimulated

Question 15

How is the arcuate nucleus connected to the paraventricular nucleus?

Answer 15

• Hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus inhibit the paraventricular nucleus which causes feeding
• Satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus excite the paraventricular nucleus which suppresses feeding

Question 16

How does leptin increase metabolic rate?

Answer 16

• Leptin stimulates satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus which activate the sympathetic nervous system, causing increased metabolic rate
• Leptin inhibits hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus which would activate the parasympathetic nervous system and decrease metabolic rate (rest and digest)

Question 17

How does the paraventricular nucleus increase metabolic rate?

Answer 17

• Activates the sympathetic nervous system to increase metabolic rate
• Stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones TSH/ACTH which increase metabolic rate

Question 18

Which hormones are released from the pituitary gland to increase metabolic rate? (2)

Answer 18

• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 19

How does blood glucose affect eating behaviour?

Answer 19

• High blood glucose inhibits the lateral hypothalamus to stop eating
• High blood glucose excites the ventromedial nucleus to stop eating

Question 20

What are the satiety centres of the hypothalamus? (3)

Answer 20

• Ventromedial nucleus
• Paraventricular nucleus
• Satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus

Question 21

What are the hunger centres of the hypothalamus? (2)

Answer 21

• Lateral hypothalamus

- Hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus

Question 22

How does insulin affect eating behaviour?

Answer 22

• Insulin excites the satiety neurons in the arcuate nucleus which inhibits the lateral hypothalamus so you stop eating
• Insulin inhibits the hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus so they can’t excite the lateral hypothalamus

Question 23

What hormone is released by cells in the stomach when it is empty?

Answer 23

Ghrelin

Question 24

What is ghrelin?

Answer 24

Hormone released by stomach cells when it is empty

Question 25

What does ghrelin do?

Answer 25

Induces hunger

Question 26

How does ghrelin induce hunger?

Answer 26

Activates the hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus

Question 27

Where is the solitary nucleus?

Answer 27

Brainstem

Question 28

How does the solitary nucleus affect eating behaviour?

Answer 28

- When the stomach is full, stretch receptors send signals to the solitary nucleus via the vagus nerve - Solitary nucleus stimulation inhibits eating

Question 29

What is CCK?

Answer 29

Hormone released by the intestines in response to nutrients which aids digestion by slowing the emptying of the stomach

Question 30

How does CCK affect eating?

Answer 30

- Detected by the ENS which sends signals to the solitary nucleus via the vagus nerve - Solitary nucleus stimulation inhibits eating

Question 31

Which receptors do neuropeptides target?

Answer 31

Metabotropic receptors

Question 32

What is the amygdala involved in?

Answer 32

Fear

Question 33

What is the limbic system?

Answer 33

System involved in emotional and behavioural responses

Question 34

Which areas of the brain are involved in aggression?

Answer 34

- Amygdala | - Signals to hypothalamus

Question 35

Which area of the brain is responsible for 'affective' (emotional) aggression?

Answer 35

Medial hypothalamus

Question 36

Which area of the brain is responsible for predatory aggression?

Answer 36

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 37

What is the mesolimbic pathway?

Answer 37

- A dopaminergic reward pathway in the brain | - Involved in addiction

Question 38

What does dopamine do?

Answer 38

Drives motivation

Question 39

What is the orbitofrontal cortex involved in?

Answer 39

'Gut feelings'