EMOTION & MOTIVATION Flashcards
How does viewing emotions as discrete differ from viewing them as continuous?
Emotion as discrete - stand alone states, separate
Continuous - displeasure → pleasure ; low arousal → high arousal
Understand the three classic theories of emotion (James-Lange; Cannon-Bard; Schachter-Singer): how they are similar, and how they differ in explaining the expression of emotion.
James-Lange: fear comes from bear directly
Cannon-Bard: fear comes from physiological arousal, not the bear
Scachter-Singer: physiological arousal, evaluates situation, realizes it’s fear & then you are afraid
How does the contemporary SAME model of emotion differ from the classic theories?
SAME: physical responses to a stimulus can range from quite general to quite specific
A bear walks in & you know that you are scared
You are giving a speech, you could be nervous or excited or proud
Appraisal theory: thoughts, values, & circumstances influence how we perceive & react to a situation
What are the 6 universal emotions?
Happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise
What different types of evidence exist to support the universal nature of these emotions?
Cross-cultural
Facial expressions in people blind since birth
Developmental patterns
What are cultural display rules?
Informal norms that distinguish how one should express themselves
How does suppression differ from reappraisal, in terms of the expression of emotion?
Suppression - stopping yourself from thinking or feeling something
Reappraisal - modifying emotional meaning & impact of a situation
How are Duchenne smiles different from ‘fake’ smiles?
Duchenne smiles are real & involuntary
Can animals understand the human expression of disgust?
Yes, if your dog is misbehaving you can make a disgusted face & they will understand & usually stop the behavior
What is the facial feedback hypothesis? What types of experimental evidence support this hypothesis?
Facial movement affects emotional experience
Ps asked to hold pen in mouth w/ either lips open (smiling) or closed (frowning) & rate the funniness of cartoons
According to research, how are autistic children different from matched controls in terms of the recognition of emotion?
Autistic children have a harder time reading social cues & recognizing emotion in others
What is cognitive empathy? Emotional empathy?
Cognitive empathy - capacity to understand another’s perspective or mental state
Emotional empathy - capacity to respond w/ an appropriate emotion to another’s mental states (talking a friend through a family member’s death, friend is sad so I am sad)
What is reconciliation? What do studies of reconciliation in primates tell us about the capacity for empathy in animals?
Reconciliation behaviors after a conflict - kissing, hugging, patting hands, grooming
Chimps have empathy
What do research studies tell us about the capacity for empathy in rats?
Locking a rat in a cage & seeing of the free rat will free the caged rat, he will
What is achievement motivation?
An individual’s need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback, & experience a sense of accomplishment
