Emotional Development (CH 10)

Question 1

What is Emotion?

Answer 1

• Combination of physiological & cognitive responses to thoughts or experiences
• They have 5 Components

Question 2

What are the 4 Components of Emotion?

Answer 2

• Neural Responses
• Physiological Factors (heart rate, hormone levels, breathing rate)
• Subjective Feelings
• Emotional Expressions
• The desire to take action (escape, approach, change people/things in environment)

Question 3

What is the Discrete Emotions Theory?

Answer 3

• Emotions (expressions) are viewed as discrete & innate from one another from very early in life
• Emphasizes evolution & adaptation
• Emotional responses are largely automatic & NOT based on cognition

Question 4

What is the Functionalist Perspective?

Answer 4

• The basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal
• Emotions are not discrete from each other & vary somewhat based on social environment

Question 5

What does Discrete Emotions Theory & the Functionalist Perspective agree on?

Answer 5

-Both agree that cognition & experience shape emotional development

Question 6

What are the basic emotions & when do they appear?

Answer 6

• Happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust

- These emotions appear very early in life

Question 7

What is the first sign of Happiness for an infant?

Answer 7

-When they start to smile

Question 8

At what age do infants exhibit smiles?

Answer 8

• At first 3-8weeks of life during REM sleep & when they’re being stroked lightly
• But then it turns into a reaction to external stimuli/ stimuli that engages their attention (touching & high pitched voices) , when they can control a particular event

Question 9

At what age do infants start to laugh?

Answer 9

-At 3-4 months they laugh & smile at activities that bring them pleasure

Question 10

What are Social Smiles & when do they emerge?

Answer 10

• Smiles that are directed at people

- Social smiles emerge around 6-7weeks of age

Question 11

When do social smiles mostly occur?

Answer 11

-Occur during interactions w/ parent or other familiar people & tend to elicit the adult’s delight, interest & affection= promotes care from parents & strengthen relationships

Question 12

At what age do infants PRIMARILY smile at FAMILIAR people?

Answer 12

-7 months= selective smiling

Question 13

At what age do infants exhibit wariness of unfamiliar objects & events?

Answer 13

-4 months of age

Question 14

At what age to infants exhibit the initial signs of fear?

Answer 14

• 6-7 months

- Mostly w/ strangers

Question 15

How long does the fear of strangers remain?

Answer 15

-from 6-7months up until their 2nd year of life

Question 16

What is Separation Anxiety?

Answer 16

-Feelings of distress that children/infants & toddlers experience when they are separated/ expected to be separated from their their parents

Question 17

At what age does Separation Anxiety emerge?

Answer 17

• at 8 months of age

- And tends to increase to 13 or 15 months of age & then begins to decline

Question 18

When do kids begin to differentiate between real & imaginary fears?

Answer 18

-5 or 6 years of age

Question 19

For a child, what is Anger?

Answer 19

-It’s their response to a frustrating/ threatening situation & is largely an interpersonal experience

Question 20

How would the Functionalist Perspective of Emotion likely view Anger?

Answer 20

• Child/ adult is likely to be angry w/ another person than an object
• And that they’re more likely to be angry in certain contexts more that others

Question 21

How is Anger expressed in infants?

Answer 21

-It’s actually mixed w/ sadness= expressing a general state of distress & they can’t differentiate if a stimulus is making them sad or angry yet

Question 22

At what age do infants clearly express anger?

Answer 22

• Around 1 year

- They also frequently express it

Question 23

At what age does the tendency to react to a situation peak?

Answer 23

-Between ages 18-24 months of age

Question 24

At what age do children show less negative emotion?

Answer 24

-Ages 3-6 years

Question 25

What do Sadness & Fear have in common?

Answer 25

-They're both adaptive= draws in the support of a caregiver

Question 26

At what age to infants begin to express Surprise?

Answer 26

-By the age of 6 months

Question 27

What factor influences the extent to which an infant express Surprise?

Answer 27

- The emotional enviornment that is provided by their parents - Infants w/ depressed parents are less surprised

Question 28

At what age to kids express Disgust?

Answer 28

-3-4 years of age BUT does not mean that they know what the word "disgust" means so they use descriptive words like "yucky/gross"

Question 29

What are Self-Conscious Emotions?

Answer 29

- Emotions that require that children have a sense of self - These emotions include Guilt, Shame, Jealously, Pride, Empathy, Embarrassment, - They're fostered by their sense of what adults & society expects of them & their acceptance to these standards

Question 30

At what age is sense of self in kids fully developed?

Answer 30

-2-3 years old

Question 31

What kind of growth are Self-Conscious Emotions an example of?

Answer 31

-Discontinuous growth because there is an abrupt qualitative change in the kid's ability to experience these emotions & linked to sense of self

Question 32

What is the key difference between Guilt & Shame?

Answer 32

- Guilt is more external= associated w/ the empathy of others (making eye contact) - Shame is Internal= not associated to the concern of others (hiding)

Question 33

What does it mean when a child feels Guilty?

Answer 33

- They have feelings of regret & remorse about their behavior - And that they also want to undo the consequences of that behavior

Question 34

What does it mean when a child feels Shame?

Answer 34

-They feel exposed= makes them want to hide

Question 35

At what age does the feelings of Guilt w/ bad or hurtful behavior increase?

Answer 35

-at 2-3 years

Question 36

How are kids more likely to experience Guilt rather than shame when being disciplined?

Answer 36

- When their parent's emphasize the "badness" of their behavior instead of the kid's self - Also when parents teach kids the consequences of their actions & reparing the harm that they've done

Question 37

What are the 2 key factors that influence kid's emotional reactions & regulations?

Answer 37

- The kid's capacity to feel emotions | - Their understanding of emotions

Question 38

What does understanding emotions refer to?

Answer 38

-The kid's understanding of how to identify their emotions, what they mean, their social functions, & what factors affect emotional experience

Question 39

LEFT OFF

Answer 39

-428