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CHILD PSY 235 > Flash cards for last exam > Flashcards

Flash cards for last exam

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1
Q

What is Self?

A

-It is a conceptual system made up of ones thoughts & attitudes about themselves

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2
Q

When does the child’s sense of self emerge?

A

-It emerges in the early years & becomes more complex as child develops

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3
Q

What is the Rudimentary sense of self?

A

-It is in the form of newborns & their rooting reflex where they’ll turn their head towards a foreign object that may have touched their cheek

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4
Q

What are the precursors to Conceptual Self?

A
  • The subjective sense that “my actions” affect others ( early months)
  • And the subjective sense that “my feelings” are distinct from yours
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5
Q

How is the Subjective Self (implicit) present in 8-12-month-olds?

A

-Via social referencing & reciporcal games like peek-a-boo

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6
Q

At what age does Conceptual/ Objective self emerge?

A

-at around 18-20 months

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7
Q

What is Conceptual/ Objective self?

A

-It is an explicit sense of self that is identifiable mirror-self recognition by reaching towards THEIR OWN BODIES

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8
Q

The notion that child’s later adjustment depends on how well suited adult’s parenting style is a temperament referred to as

A

Goodness of fit

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9
Q

Which condition is NOT a characteristic of difficult babies, as classified by Thomas & Chess?

A

Difficult at first but becomes easier with time

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10
Q

To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to

A

Comprehend the meaning of emotion

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11
Q

In Bronfenbrennar’s model, the age of the child is part of the

A

Chronosystem

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12
Q

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of an attachment

A

Reunions with the caregiver

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13
Q

At what age to infants begin to show fear around strangers?

A

At 6-7 months

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14
Q

Annalee is 3 years old. How would she describe herself?

A
  • She would compare herself to her sister/ someone close to her
  • My sister is a faster runner than me
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15
Q

What characteristic is MOST ADVANCED level of presocial learning

A

Living up to one’s own values

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16
Q

What would be considered to be part of the Exosystem?

A

The child’s father’s job

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17
Q

At what age can kids understand themselves in terms of concrete, observational characteristics?

A

3-4 years

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18
Q

When do kids start to refine conceptions of self & actively comparing themselves to others?

A

-at the Elementary age

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19
Q

What is Self-Esteem?

A

-The overall evaluation for the worth of self & feelings that he/she has about that evaluation

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20
Q

At what age does Self-esteem emerge?

A

-At 8 years old

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21
Q

What are the 5 sources of individual differences?

A
  • Age trends (high in childhood, low in adolesence, high in adulthood)
  • Gender= boys have overall higher self-esteem while girls are more moral & ethical
  • Parental Approval/ Support
  • Peers & their acceptance
  • Schools
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22
Q

What is the overall goal of parenting?

A

-Socialization

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23
Q

What is the overall dimension of parenting?

A

-Warmth & control= universally important & requires discipline to teach their kids to behave appropiately

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24
Q

What are the 3 components of Parental Warmth?

A
  • Responsivness
  • Praise
  • Expression of positive emotion
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25
How to parents exercise appropiate control?
- Having reasonably high expectations - Consistent enforcement of rules - Open communication - Situational managment
26
What are the negative aspects of parents who exort physical punishments
- Its associated w/ less moral behavior, self-control, & increased aggression - Not providing explainations to why they are punishing= not providing the understanding
27
What is Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model?
- The child's environment takes the form of nested structures w/ child in the center - And that every level has impact on child's development (direct/indirect) - And that every child's bioecological model is unique
28
What are the 5 systems in the Bioecological model?
- Microsystem - Mesosystem - Exosystem - Macrosystem - Chronosystem
29
What is the Microsystem of the Bioecological model?
- It is any setting that a child personally interacts w/ directly - SO like family home, classrooms, preschool playground/group activities
30
What is the Mesosystem of the Bioecological model?
- It links/ serves as a bridge between the microcystem | - Includes the decisions that are made by parents= influences child's activities & rules
31
What is the Exosystem of the Bioecological model?
- They are settings that child doesn't interact w/ directly BUT does affect the child bc it trickles down - Includes parent's job/workplace, schoolboards
32
What is the Macrosystem of the Bioecological model?
- It is the broader social, culture & political context | - Social expectations, cultural beliefs, & gender
33
What is the Chronosystem of the Bioecological model?
- It is the temporal dimension, historical timeframe, & age of the world - SO as a child ages, components of their ecology will change
34
What does the in class gender project investigate?
-How chronosystem interacts w/ the microsystem
35
What are the 3 domains of social judgment?
- Moral - Social conventional - Personal
36
What is the Moral domain of social judgement?
-They pertain to the issues of right & wrong
37
What is the Social Conventional of social judgement?
- It pertain's to custom/regulation | - It ensures social coordination/organization= greeting & dress
38
What is Personal Judgement of social judgement?
- Individual preferences are the main considering | - Includes friends, music, activities
39
At what age are kids able to differentiate between moral & conventional issues?
-as early 3 years old
40
What do kids believe in that their parents in terms of social judgement issues?
-They believe that parents have authority over moral & social conventional issues in the family
41
What are the 2 theories of moral judgement?
-Piaget's & Kolhberg's theories
42
What is Piaget's theory of moral judgement?
- They focus on early consequences to a later focus of intentions - Forms the rules as moral absolutes to rules of social conventions - Morality of constraints to autonomous realities
43
What is the Morality of Contraint in piagets theory?
- It is implemented in younger kids who have not reached the concrete operational stage - They believe that the consequences of an action determines whether if good/bad NOT motive - They decide that the magnitude of the consequence is worse for someone who dropped a larger amount of things on accident vs a person who drops on thing on purpose
44
What is the Autonomous Morality in Piaget's theory?
- It occurs at 11-12 years of age - Moral relatism emerges w/ all the normal kids reaching this age - Kids understand individuals intentions/motives are considered when evaluating missdeeds - And that rules are absolute unless they interact w/ others & collectively agree to change the rules
45
What is Kohlbergs theory of moral judgement?
-It consists of 3 levels w/ 6 stages
46
What are the 3 levels of kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?
- Preconventional - Conventional - Postconventional
47
What is the Preconventional level of kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?
-It is moral reasoning is self-centered & gaining rewards
48
What is the Conventional level of kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?
-Moral reasoning is centered on social (societal) relationships & law
49
What is the Preconventional level of kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?
-Moral reasoning is focused on deals, moral principles
50
What are the 6 stages of kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?
1) Punishment & obdience 2) Instrumental exchange= best interest/exchange of benefits 3) Mutual interpersonal expectations 4) Social System & conscience 5) Social contract/Individual rights 6) Universal ethical principles
51
What are the stages to the Precoventional stage of kohlberg's theory of moral judgements?
- Punishment & obdience | - Instrumental change
52
What are the stages to the Conventional stage of kohlberg's theory of moral judgements?
- Mutual interpersonal expectations | - Social system & conscience
53
What are the stages of the Postconventional of kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?
- Social contract/individual rights | - Universal ethical principles
54
What are the critiques of kohlberg's theory?
- It is based on western conception of morality that IS NOT applicable to different cultures - It also does not address gender differences
55
What is the Prosocial moral reasoning?
-It focuses on helping,sharing, & confronting others
56
What are Eisenberg's levels of Prosocial moral reasoning?
- Preschoolers are concerned w/ their own needs - Elementary kids are concerned w/ needs of others & social approval - Late child/adolesence have feelings associated w/ consequences of performing beneficial actions
57
What is the Internal Regulatory Mech?
- It allows us to conduct ourselves in accordance w/ social convention & basic laws of society - It is also linked w/ knowing the difference between right & wrong, empathize w/ others, feeling remorse, & having the capacity to inhibit behavior
58
When does the Internal Regulatory mech start?
-It starts early & forms through processes of identification w/ parents & also through instruction & training
59
How does instruction & training start to emerge for a child?
- It begins by setting limits by age 2 - It happens by discussing in detail the differences between right & wrong on a situation-presenting itself type basis - It also needs to be consistent instruction over time around the issue of empathy - And instruction for adults to model correct behavior for child
60
What kind of handling would be best for a child thats naturally fearful?
-Gentle requests/ reminders to comply w/ rules
61
What kind of handling would be best for a child thats naturally bold?
-Parental appeals to cooperate (based on the degree of attachment)
62
When can full development of consience take place?
- It takes place when the child has capacity for abstract/hypothetical thought - SO reflecting on own actions & how it might effect othes before they engage in them & considering all solutions & weighing alternatives for a problem
63
What do the individual tendencies of prosocial behavior depend on?
- Genetic - Environmental= socialization within the family & how the parents model behavior & the opportunities they provide the child for demonstrating prosocial behavior
64
What is Empathy?
-The feelings you feel that someone else is feeling
65
What is Sympathy?
-Feeling concern for the person
66
What is Altruism?
- Doing good for goodness sake | - It is also rooted in our capacity to feel empathy & sympathy

CHILD PSY 235 (10 decks)

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