Gender project readings=Gender Development (ch 15) Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
Are girls & boys complete opposites?
A
- No
- They just vary in a few cognitive abilities
2
Q
What do developmental psychologists agree about gender development?
A
-That it is a combination of nature & nurture
3
Q
What does Sex imply?
A
-The biological origins for any differences between males & females based on their sex chromosomes
4
Q
What does Gender refer to?
A
-Refers to the social assignment/ self-categorization as female, male, or neither
5
Q
What does Gender-Type refer to?
A
-Behaviors stereotyped/ expected for a given person’s gender
6
Q
What does Cross-Gender type?
A
-Behaviors stereotyped/ expected for the gender other than that of a given person
7
Q
What does Gender Typing refer to?
A
-To the process of gender socialization during development
8
Q
What are the 3 influences on gender development?
A
- Biological (hormonal & brain structure differences)
- Cognitive-motivational (learning gender-typed roles through observation & practice)
- Cultural Factors (status of men & women in society)
9
Q
What are the 2 different types of approaches for Biological influenced on gender?
A
- Evolutionary Approaches
- Neuroscience approaches
10
Q
What are the 2 theories for the Evolutionary Approach?
A
- Evolutionary Psychology theory
- Biosocial Theory
11
Q
What are the 3 mechs for the Neuroscience approach?
A
- Genes
- Hormones & brain functioning
- Brain structure & functioning
12
Q
What is Evolutionary theory?
A
-Proposes that certain characteristics that facilitate survival & reproduction have been favored over the course of human evolution
13
Q
What is Evolutionary Psychology Theory?
A
- Says that certain behavioral tendencies occur bc they helped humans survive over the course of evolution
- Particular gender differences in behavior reflect evolved personality dispositions= increases the chances of mating & protecting their offspring
14
Q
What behaviors are present in boys & girls according to the Evolutionary psychology theory?
A
- Boys tend to play fight more=assert their dominance in groups & have more access to females
- Girls tend to make more of an effort to establish positive social relations & play a maternal role w/ dolls
15
Q
What are the 2 concerns of the Evolutionary Psychology theory?
A
- That the claims about sex differences in personality traits are based on circular reasoning= difficult to test
- It can be used to rationalize maintaining the status quo in traditional gender roles
16
Q
What is Biosocial Theory?
A
- It focuses on the evolution of observable physical differences between the sexes
- It emphasizes the capacity for behavioral flexibility as an adaptation to environmental variability
- Argues that the 2 most important physical differences is men’s greater average size, strength & foot speed & the women’s nursing capabilities
- Both physical sex differences & social ecology shape the different gender roles assigned to men & women
17
Q
What does the Evolutionary Psychology Theory & the Biosocial Theory have in common?
A
-They both emphasize the importance of evolution & the physical differences between men & women
18
Q
What is the Neuroscience approach?
A
-Focus more on testing how genes, hormones, & brain functioning relate to the variations in gender development
19
Q
What is the Genes factor of the Neuroscience approach?
A
-Biological sex is determined if the person has XX (female) or XY (male) chromosome pairs
20
Q
What are the effect of Genes on behavior?
A
- There are NO studies indicating DIRECT LINKS between genes & gender-typed behavior IN HUMANS
- There is however, an indirect link w/ mice= having the Y chromosome is shown to have more aggressive parental behaviors
21
Q
What is the Hormone & Brain functioning factor on behavior?
A
- The effects of androgens= in males & absent in females
- Androgens have also been organizing/activating influences on the nervous system= Organizing Influences
- Androgen production increasing due to the response of threats= Activating Influences
22
Q
What are Organizing Influences?
A
-Occurs when certain sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation & organization during prenatal development or puberty
23
Q
What are Activating Influences?
A
-They occur when fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels influence the contemporaneous activation of certain brain & behavioral responses
(body increasing in androgen production in response to threats)
24
Q
What is the Brain & Functioning factor of Neuroscence Approaches?
A
-The adult female & male brains DO show some differences in physical structure BUT they do not show clear cognitive performance advantage
25
Why is Brain & Functioning factor of Neuroscience unclear?
- It is unclear to what extent differences in adult brain functioning/ structure are due to genetic or environmental influences
- Also unclear to what extent these small differences in brain structure determine any gender differences in ability & behavior
26
What is Cogntive theories of gender development?
- Emphasize the ways the children learn gender-typed attitudes & behaviors through observation, inference & practice & enviormental factors (role models, opportunities/incentives that each gender may experience)
- Stresses children's active Self-Socialization= using their beliefs, expectations, & preferences to guide how they perceive the world & the actions they chose
27
How does Self-Socialization occur?
-Occurs in gender development when children seek to behave in accord w/ their gender identity (girl or boy)
28
What are the 4 cognitive theories for Cognitive & Motivational approach?
- Cognitive developmental theories
- Gender Schema theory
- Social identity theory
- Social cognitive theory
29
What is the Cognitive Developmental Theory?
- Kohlberg
- Says that children actively construct knowledge about gender the way that piaget described w/ children exploring the physical world
- Kids actively seek to understand the meaning of gender through observing & interacting w/ the world around them
- And that theres cognitive developmental changes in kids' understanding of gender during early childhood
30
What did Kohlberg describe about children's understandings of gender?
-It involves a 3 stage process that occurs between 3-6 years of age
31
What is the First stage that Kohlberg described about children's understanding of gender?
- Occurs at 30 months of age
- Young children acquire a Gender Identity= cateforize themselves as boy or girl but they don't realize that gender as permanent
32
What is the Second stage that Kohlberg described about children's understanding of gender?
- Begins at 3 or 4 years of age
- They realize that gender remains the same over time= Gender Stability
- Still not clear that gender is independent of superficial appearance= believes that a boy who puts on a dress & looks like a girl is now a girl
33
What is the Third stage that Kohlberg described about children's understanding of gender?
- Its completed at 6 years of age
- Kids now have a basic understanding of gender & that it's invariant across situations= Gender Constancy= they'll want to behave within the same-gender models
- Since this is the age where children succeed in piagetan conversion problems= both processes must have same underlying thinking processes
34
What is the Gender Schema Theory?
- It's an alternative for Kohlberg's explaination of children's gender development
- Says that the motivation to enact gender-typed behavior begins as soon as children can label other people's & their own gender (age 3)
- Children's understanding of gender develops through their construction of Gender Schemas
35
What are Gender schemas?
- Mental representations that incorperate everything the kid knows about gender
- They include memories of one's own experiences w/ males & females, gender-stereotypes transmitted directly by adults & peers, & messages conveyed through the media
- They're responsible for biased processing & remembering of info about gender
36
What kind of gender schema do kids use?
-Ingroup.outgroup= classify people as the "same as me" or not
37
What is an Own gender schema?
-Consists of detailed knowledge about how to do things that are consistent w/ ones own gender= makes kids like that object specific to their gender more
38
What are the 2 kinds of filters that children use?
- Gender Schema filter (relevance to own gender)
| - Interest filter (is it interesting)
39
What is Social Identity theory?
- It addresses the influence of group membership on people's self-concepts & behavior w/ others
- Helps explain why gender-typing pressures tend to be more ridgid for boys than girls
40
What is the most central social identity in children's lives?
-Gender
41
What are the 2 influential processes that occurs when a person commits to an ingroup?
- Ingroup bias
| - Assimilation
42
What is Ingroup Bias?
-Refers to the tendency to evalutate individuals & characteristics associated w/ the group as superior to those associated w/ the outgroup
43
What is Ingroup assimilation?
-individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms
44
What is Intersectionality?
-The interconnection of social identities= gender, race,ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion in relation to overlapping experiences of discrimmination
45
What is the Social Cognitive theory?
-It depicts a triadic model of reciprocal causation among personal factors (cognitive/motivational/biological) , environmental factors, & behavioral patterns
46
What is Tuition?
-It refers to the direct teaching
-Occurs during gender socialization
(mom teaching daughter how to change a diaper)
47
What is Enactive Experience?
-It occurs when kids learn to guide their behavior by taking into account the reactions their past behavior has evoked on others
(boys & girls are praised when they partake in behaviors that are stereotypical to their gender)
48
What is Observational Learning?
- The most common form of learning
| - It occurs through seeing & encoding the consequences other people experience as a result of children's own actions
49
How to children learn about gender?
- Through observational learning
| - They observe the behavior of their parents, siblings, teachers, peers, & media
50
What 4 key processes are involved in observational learning?
- Attention
- Memory
- Production (practicing behavior)
- Motivation
51
What does Social Cognitive Theory imply about children & gender development?
- It states that Learning occurs through tuition, enactive experience, & observation
- And that children monitor their behavior & evaluate how well it matches personal standards
52
What is Self-Efficacy?
-It occurs when individuals experience positive self-reactions for their behavior= gain sense of personal agency
53
What are the 3 ways that Self-Efficacy can develop?
- Can develop gradually w/ practice (son & father playing catch)
- Social modeling (seeing classmate do well in school & makes them want to also do well)
- Social persuasion (pep talk before a game)
54
What is the Bioecological Model of Human Development?
- It emphasizes how cultural practices mirror & perpetuates the gender divisions in society
- It also differentiates among interconnected systems within the child (biological & cognitive processes) and in the child's environment
55
What are the 3 Environmental systems that are in the Bioecological model?
- Microsystem= immediate environment
- Macrosystem= culture
- Chronosystem= changes in environment over the course of child's development
56
How do the 3 environmental systems present in the Bioecological model work together?
-They work together to influence children's development over time
57
What is the fundamental feature of the Macrosystem?
-It is its opportunity structure= the economic & social resources it offers & people's understanding of those resources
58
What does the Bioecological model describe about kids & gender roles?
-That child socialization practices within the family etc in the child's microsystem serves to prepare kids for the adult roles
59
In the eyes of the Bioecological model, what is children's development an adaptation of?
- It is an adaptation to their exsisting opportunities,
| - BUT changes in the children's macrosystems & microsystems can lead to gender equality
60
In summary, what does the Bioecological model highlight?
-It highlights how institutionalized roles impose opportunity & contraint on people's behavior and beliefs in home, schools, labor force, & political insitutions
61
What is Opportunity Structure?
-The economic & social resoures offered by the macrosystem (culture) in the biological model & the people's understanding of those resources
