empire at home Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Eyres controversy
A
- 11 October 1865: Blacks in Morant bay rioted against unemployment killing white officials
- Eyre labelled it as’a signal for rebellion’ equal to that of the Indian Mutiny
- Eyre declared martial law- he launched a reign of terror in the blue mountains
- was congratulated for saving 15,000 white lives at the cost of 500,000 black lives
- after humanitarian cry he was sacked but not indicted
2
Q
when was 3rd Mitholodian speech
A
27th November 1879
3
Q
quotes from Mitholodian speech
A
“my first principle of foreign policy: good government at home”
“if you increase engagements without increasing strength, you diminish strength”
“foreign policy of England should always be inspired by the love of freedom”
4
Q
Mitholodian campaign
A
- used words ‘peace government and reform’, defended the rights of Afghans/ Zulus to defend themselves and attacked
- attacked Disraeli’s support for Ottoman Empire after Bulgarian massacre
- by end of campaign Gladstone had a total audience of just under 87,000
5
Q
Gladstone evidence of active support for imperialism
A
- started 1st Boear war (1880)
- Restored order in Egypt after 1881 Arabi uprising- in 1882 he installed Tewfiq as puppet ruler
- 1884-5 Berlin conference; converted Somaliland/ Bechuanaland into protectorates
- increased Empire defence and actually expanded empire more rapidly than Disraeli
- involved Britain in battles to crush the Mahdi in Sudan
6
Q
Gladstone evidence of reluctant support for Empire
A
- after defeat at Majuba hill in 1st Boer war he refused to commit more troops
- in 1884 Mahdist rebellion he suggested the withdrawal of Anglo Egyptian troops
- attacked Disraeli’s jingoism as dangerous and his decision to buy Suez Canal shares
- Left Tswana rulers in power in Bechuanaland- no formal expansion
- brought in church reforms in 1886 to build up to home rule for Ireland
7
Q
1872 Crystal Palace speech quotes
A
“no minister of this country will do his duty who neglects any opportunity of reconstructing as much as possible of our colonial Empire”
“it is whether you will be content to be a comfortable England or whether you will be a great country”
8
Q
why would pro-Empire stance benefit Disraeli
A
- 1832 act increased electorate from 500,000 to 813,000- in 1867 it was extended to all adult males
- Disraeli blocked a bill to enfranchise ‘respectable’ working class men who had an above average income
9
Q
Disraeli evidence for active support for Empire
A
- 1875- £4million shares in Suez Canal
- 1877 royal titles act made Victoria Empress of India and Lytton viceroy through a grand, pompous celebration
- launched invasion into Afghanistan in 1878
- annexed transvaal in 1877 and launched Zulu war with hope of a SA confederation
- strong anti-russian tone emphasised desire to keep India eg actively supported ottoman empire as didn’t condemn them even after they massacred christians in 1877
10
Q
Disraeli evidence for reluctant support for Empire (4)
A
- said “those wretched colonies will be independent in a few years and they are a millstone around our neck”
- referred to as a ‘sham imperialist’
- ‘largely ignored colonies of settlement’- he didn’t introduce any new administrative or economic policies and left major decisions to lord Carnarvon
- No increase to Empire spending or defence under Disraeli even during times of military involvement such as Zulu war
11
Q
chamberlain’s empire aims
A
- founded tariff reform league- sought protectionism as an official unionist party policy
2 United States of Empire- each colony with autonomy over local affairs but central gov in charge of defence and with empire parliament in London - customs union incorporating entirety of Empire- an interdependent economic unit with tariffs on goods from outside Empire
12
Q
Chamberlain’s failures
A
- free trade was working so no one wanted to implement his ideas
- 1897 proposal for great council of Empire failed to gain support
- proposal for colonies paying equal shares in the Empire defence bill was dismissed
- involvement in 2nd Boer war was a ‘costly failure’
- split unionist/ Conservative party on issue of tariffs on non-Empire goods uniting the liberal party
13
Q
thoughts of free traders
A
- Richard Cobden and the Manchester school
- free trade of goods would bring international peace so Britain should ensure equal access to all markets but formal acquisition of territory wasn’t necessary for this. All Britain needed was satellite states and British supremacy of the seas
- they were happy for financial reform for example the extension of Indian Railways and some were happy for the army to extend markets
14
Q
Thoughts of Gladstonian liberals
A
- Gladstone and Salisbury
- self-government with the colony shouldering the cost of administration and military- a minimal government and low taxation so raise money through customs duties
- needed to embrace Imperial unity as free trade has allowed the Empire to be neglected
15
Q
Thoughts of Constructive imperialists
A
- Leonard Hobhouse and John Hobson
- they criticised free trader’s search for immediate profits. they believed the state had to act for everyone not just individuals and you should raise money through customs duties
16
Q
Empire groups
A
The Royal colonial Institute of 1870
Victoria league 1901
the roundtable movement 1909 founded by Milner- also founded in New Zealand South Africa and Australia
17
Q
Lord Salisbury and his support for Empire
A
He argued for a more united empire and territorial expansion in order to make empire an economic powerhouse
18
Q
Curzon and support for Empire
A
We argued empire was a moral duty and “there had never been anything so great in the world’s history than the British Empire’
19
Q
Milner and support for Empire
A
He believed in white superiority and nonwhite people as subjects with rights but unable to control their own destinies
20
Q
Chamberlin and support for Empire
A
He believed only Empire could enable industrial recovery and solve the national crisis as it would provide employment and social reform
Also believed in a united empire
21
Q
Lord Meath and support for Empire
A
He argued we should strengthen empire by emigrating and colonising
22
Q
Lord Amery and support for Empire
A
He believed in Imperial unity and supported empires transition to a Commonwealth
23
Q
John a Hobson and criticisms of Empire
A
- Wrote imperialism in 1902
- believed Empire was rich elites controlling free markets for their own economic benefits
- however he did believe in the civilising mission and that the week needed to be governed by others for their own good
- didn’t believe running away from companies was a solution as they would fall prey to more extreme colonial powers
- saw an international bodies such as the league of Nations as a solution with a mandate system to control defeated powers colonies
24
Q
Ramsey McDonald and criticisms of Empire
A
- accepted moral duty as a reason for colonialisation but liberalism was often used as an excuse for imperialism
- he saw an international body as a solution as well as the restriction of large capitalists by redistributing income and creating better market
25
Emily Hobhouse and criticisms of empire
-reported and campaigned on welfare in concentration camps leading to an investigation
26
Wilfred blunt and criticisms of Empire
- the poet that penned the words "the white man's burden"
27
Frederic Harrison and criticisms of Empire
-lawyer who described Empire as unethical
28
William Digby and criticisms of Empire
-he set up an Indian political and general agency in London to publicise Indian grievances
29
Waller crane and criticisms of the Empire
-he produced anti-war illustrations and encouraged anti-imperialism
30
Define national efficiency
Liberal policy that focused on home as a priority
31
The rise of the Labour Party
- 1893: kier Hardie established the Independent Labour Party
- 1900: Labour representation committee established with Ramsey MacDonald as secretary to support working-class election candidates
- 1903: LRC agreed with liberals the only one liberal/Labour candidate should sit in each seat to win the election against conservatives
- 1906: 26 LRC sponsored MPs. They set up an independent party in parliament (the Labour Party)- John Burns (labour Mp) was part of liberal cabinet
- 1910: 42 Labour MPs elected the liberal party relied on their support
- 1914-18: a split in the party over support/opposition to the war
- 1918: talk to the constitution and published a manifesto (Labour and the new social order) they won 63 seats
- 1922: Labour won 142 seats
- 1924: Labour won 191 seats the liberals won 158 they formed a coalition with Ramsey MacDonald as pm
32
opposition to labour
- Hardie visited India but was smeared as a firebrand by the Indian government
- division in party as many believed and the imperialism was not the way to secure the working-class vote
33
Reasons for the Labour Party success
- raised fears that the Conservatives attacks imported cereals and raise the price of bread- propaganda of plump free trade loaf against small tariff reform loaf
- poor employment conditions of Chinese in SA had Milner's blessing
- conservatives banned women from mineworkers compounds
- Hardie denounced Boer war as 'capitalist aggression', had first hadn't knowledge of SA and promoted representation of young Egypt party in Geneva
- Labour likened their struggle to that of natives in colonies
34
how popular press influenced the public attitudes to Empire
- 1870 education act improve literacy and the 1867 and 74 reform acts enfranchisement increased desire to be politically aware
- reported on tales of heroism- brave soldiers in Cawnpore/Indian mutiny for example Henry havelock who later had a statue a right tit of him in Trafalgar Square
- Emily Hobhouse released reports on welfare in concentration camps which led to a government enquiry
- in 1896 Alfred Hamsworth pioneered cheap printing with the jingoistic Daily Mail
- however large proportion of the population remained illiterate
35
how literature influenced the public attitudes to Empire
- comics published on adventures in Empire for example the boys own paper in 1879
- pro empire books for avidly read for example Rider Hagard King Solomon's Mines in 1885 and she in 1887 and Rudyard Kipling had religious belief in Empire he produced bestselling books. Gertrude Page so wrote over 20 books while living in Rhodesia
- however literacy rates were low and they were only generally read by the middle class as they were expensive
36
how music influenced the public attitudes to Empire
- imperialist themes were played in concert halls and churches.
- so William Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan created operas to present patriotism and Edward Elgar wrote music to capture the nobility of empire for example writing the Imperial March for the Queens Jubilee
- sir Henry Carla took a music tour of the dominions and cara butt performed in Australia New Zealand and Canada
37
how architecture influenced the public attitudes to Empire
- Edwin Lutyens designed in Britain and the Empire for example Johannesburg art gallery, the British pavilion at international exhibition in Rome and mapped out city plans for New Delhi as the new capital
- Herbert Baker took annual visits to supervise work in New Delhi
38
how events, exhibitions, celebrations and coronations influenced the public attitudes to Empire
- 1887 Nubian village of humans and animals collected in Sudan was erected
- 1886 exhibition built in Indian style with natives brought as living exhibits
- 1890 Africa exhibit in London of Stanley's African travels
- victorious Diamond Jubilee boasted 50,000 soldiers and George the fifth's coronation of the Crystal Palace supported Empire eg had intra Empire sports competitions
39
how education influenced the public attitudes to Empire
- 1883 boys brigade reinforced the Glory of empire and Boy Scouts established in 1908 and girl guides in 1912 the designed to train defenders of empire
- girls friendly society had 200,000 members by 1914
- school books included tales of bravery in empire. geography and history books percent of men on the spot as he is not even on ABC for baby Patriots
- boys Empire league created by Spicer had an annual exam in which first prize was £25 and free passage to a colony
