empire at home

Question 1

Eyres controversy

Answer 1

• 11 October 1865: Blacks in Morant bay rioted against unemployment killing white officials
• Eyre labelled it as’a signal for rebellion’ equal to that of the Indian Mutiny
• Eyre declared martial law- he launched a reign of terror in the blue mountains
• was congratulated for saving 15,000 white lives at the cost of 500,000 black lives
• after humanitarian cry he was sacked but not indicted

Question 2

when was 3rd Mitholodian speech

Answer 2

27th November 1879

Question 3

quotes from Mitholodian speech

Answer 3

“my first principle of foreign policy: good government at home”
“if you increase engagements without increasing strength, you diminish strength”
“foreign policy of England should always be inspired by the love of freedom”

Question 4

Mitholodian campaign

Answer 4

• used words ‘peace government and reform’, defended the rights of Afghans/ Zulus to defend themselves and attacked
• attacked Disraeli’s support for Ottoman Empire after Bulgarian massacre
• by end of campaign Gladstone had a total audience of just under 87,000

Question 5

Gladstone evidence of active support for imperialism

Answer 5

1. started 1st Boear war (1880)
2. Restored order in Egypt after 1881 Arabi uprising- in 1882 he installed Tewfiq as puppet ruler
3. 1884-5 Berlin conference; converted Somaliland/ Bechuanaland into protectorates
4. increased Empire defence and actually expanded empire more rapidly than Disraeli
5. involved Britain in battles to crush the Mahdi in Sudan

Question 6

Gladstone evidence of reluctant support for Empire

Answer 6

1. after defeat at Majuba hill in 1st Boer war he refused to commit more troops
2. in 1884 Mahdist rebellion he suggested the withdrawal of Anglo Egyptian troops
3. attacked Disraeli’s jingoism as dangerous and his decision to buy Suez Canal shares
4. Left Tswana rulers in power in Bechuanaland- no formal expansion
5. brought in church reforms in 1886 to build up to home rule for Ireland

Question 7

1872 Crystal Palace speech quotes

Answer 7

“no minister of this country will do his duty who neglects any opportunity of reconstructing as much as possible of our colonial Empire”

“it is whether you will be content to be a comfortable England or whether you will be a great country”

Question 8

why would pro-Empire stance benefit Disraeli

Answer 8

1. 1832 act increased electorate from 500,000 to 813,000- in 1867 it was extended to all adult males
2. Disraeli blocked a bill to enfranchise ‘respectable’ working class men who had an above average income

Question 9

Disraeli evidence for active support for Empire

Answer 9

1. 1875- £4million shares in Suez Canal
2. 1877 royal titles act made Victoria Empress of India and Lytton viceroy through a grand, pompous celebration
3. launched invasion into Afghanistan in 1878
4. annexed transvaal in 1877 and launched Zulu war with hope of a SA confederation
5. strong anti-russian tone emphasised desire to keep India eg actively supported ottoman empire as didn’t condemn them even after they massacred christians in 1877

Question 10

Disraeli evidence for reluctant support for Empire (4)

Answer 10

1. said “those wretched colonies will be independent in a few years and they are a millstone around our neck”
2. referred to as a ‘sham imperialist’
3. ‘largely ignored colonies of settlement’- he didn’t introduce any new administrative or economic policies and left major decisions to lord Carnarvon
4. No increase to Empire spending or defence under Disraeli even during times of military involvement such as Zulu war

Question 11

chamberlain’s empire aims

Answer 11

1. founded tariff reform league- sought protectionism as an official unionist party policy
   2 United States of Empire- each colony with autonomy over local affairs but central gov in charge of defence and with empire parliament in London
2. customs union incorporating entirety of Empire- an interdependent economic unit with tariffs on goods from outside Empire

Question 12

Chamberlain’s failures

Answer 12

1. free trade was working so no one wanted to implement his ideas
2. 1897 proposal for great council of Empire failed to gain support
3. proposal for colonies paying equal shares in the Empire defence bill was dismissed
4. involvement in 2nd Boer war was a ‘costly failure’
5. split unionist/ Conservative party on issue of tariffs on non-Empire goods uniting the liberal party

Question 13

thoughts of free traders

Answer 13

• Richard Cobden and the Manchester school
• free trade of goods would bring international peace so Britain should ensure equal access to all markets but formal acquisition of territory wasn’t necessary for this. All Britain needed was satellite states and British supremacy of the seas
• they were happy for financial reform for example the extension of Indian Railways and some were happy for the army to extend markets

Question 14

Thoughts of Gladstonian liberals

Answer 14

• Gladstone and Salisbury
• self-government with the colony shouldering the cost of administration and military- a minimal government and low taxation so raise money through customs duties
• needed to embrace Imperial unity as free trade has allowed the Empire to be neglected

Question 15

Thoughts of Constructive imperialists

Answer 15

• Leonard Hobhouse and John Hobson
• they criticised free trader’s search for immediate profits. they believed the state had to act for everyone not just individuals and you should raise money through customs duties

Question 16

Empire groups

Answer 16

The Royal colonial Institute of 1870
Victoria league 1901
the roundtable movement 1909 founded by Milner- also founded in New Zealand South Africa and Australia

Question 17

Lord Salisbury and his support for Empire

Answer 17

He argued for a more united empire and territorial expansion in order to make empire an economic powerhouse

Question 18

Curzon and support for Empire

Answer 18

We argued empire was a moral duty and “there had never been anything so great in the world’s history than the British Empire’

Question 19

Milner and support for Empire

Answer 19

He believed in white superiority and nonwhite people as subjects with rights but unable to control their own destinies

Question 20

Chamberlin and support for Empire

Answer 20

He believed only Empire could enable industrial recovery and solve the national crisis as it would provide employment and social reform
Also believed in a united empire

Question 21

Lord Meath and support for Empire

Answer 21

He argued we should strengthen empire by emigrating and colonising

Question 22

Lord Amery and support for Empire

Answer 22

He believed in Imperial unity and supported empires transition to a Commonwealth

Question 23

John a Hobson and criticisms of Empire

Answer 23

• Wrote imperialism in 1902
• believed Empire was rich elites controlling free markets for their own economic benefits
• however he did believe in the civilising mission and that the week needed to be governed by others for their own good
• didn’t believe running away from companies was a solution as they would fall prey to more extreme colonial powers
• saw an international bodies such as the league of Nations as a solution with a mandate system to control defeated powers colonies

Question 24

Ramsey McDonald and criticisms of Empire

Answer 24

• accepted moral duty as a reason for colonialisation but liberalism was often used as an excuse for imperialism
• he saw an international body as a solution as well as the restriction of large capitalists by redistributing income and creating better market

Question 25

Emily Hobhouse and criticisms of empire

Answer 25

-reported and campaigned on welfare in concentration camps leading to an investigation

Question 26

Wilfred blunt and criticisms of Empire

Answer 26

• the poet that penned the words “the white man’s burden”

Question 27

Frederic Harrison and criticisms of Empire

Answer 27

-lawyer who described Empire as unethical

Question 28

William Digby and criticisms of Empire

Answer 28

-he set up an Indian political and general agency in London to publicise Indian grievances

Question 29

Waller crane and criticisms of the Empire

Answer 29

-he produced anti-war illustrations and encouraged anti-imperialism

Question 30

Define national efficiency

Answer 30

Liberal policy that focused on home as a priority

Question 31

The rise of the Labour Party

Answer 31

• 1893: kier Hardie established the Independent Labour Party
• 1900: Labour representation committee established with Ramsey MacDonald as secretary to support working-class election candidates
• 1903: LRC agreed with liberals the only one liberal/Labour candidate should sit in each seat to win the election against conservatives
• 1906: 26 LRC sponsored MPs. They set up an independent party in parliament (the Labour Party)- John Burns (labour Mp) was part of liberal cabinet
• 1910: 42 Labour MPs elected the liberal party relied on their support
• 1914-18: a split in the party over support/opposition to the war
• 1918: talk to the constitution and published a manifesto (Labour and the new social order) they won 63 seats
• 1922: Labour won 142 seats
• 1924: Labour won 191 seats the liberals won 158 they formed a coalition with Ramsey MacDonald as pm

Question 32

opposition to labour

Answer 32

• Hardie visited India but was smeared as a firebrand by the Indian government
• division in party as many believed and the imperialism was not the way to secure the working-class vote

Question 33

Reasons for the Labour Party success

Answer 33

• raised fears that the Conservatives attacks imported cereals and raise the price of bread- propaganda of plump free trade loaf against small tariff reform loaf
• poor employment conditions of Chinese in SA had Milner’s blessing
• conservatives banned women from mineworkers compounds
• Hardie denounced Boer war as ‘capitalist aggression’, had first hadn’t knowledge of SA and promoted representation of young Egypt party in Geneva
• Labour likened their struggle to that of natives in colonies

Question 34

how popular press influenced the public attitudes to Empire

Answer 34

• 1870 education act improve literacy and the 1867 and 74 reform acts enfranchisement increased desire to be politically aware
• reported on tales of heroism- brave soldiers in Cawnpore/Indian mutiny for example Henry havelock who later had a statue a right tit of him in Trafalgar Square
• Emily Hobhouse released reports on welfare in concentration camps which led to a government enquiry
• in 1896 Alfred Hamsworth pioneered cheap printing with the jingoistic Daily Mail
• however large proportion of the population remained illiterate

Question 35

how literature influenced the public attitudes to Empire

Answer 35

• comics published on adventures in Empire for example the boys own paper in 1879
• pro empire books for avidly read for example Rider Hagard King Solomon’s Mines in 1885 and she in 1887 and Rudyard Kipling had religious belief in Empire he produced bestselling books. Gertrude Page so wrote over 20 books while living in Rhodesia
• however literacy rates were low and they were only generally read by the middle class as they were expensive

Question 36

how music influenced the public attitudes to Empire

Answer 36

• imperialist themes were played in concert halls and churches.
• so William Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan created operas to present patriotism and Edward Elgar wrote music to capture the nobility of empire for example writing the Imperial March for the Queens Jubilee
• sir Henry Carla took a music tour of the dominions and cara butt performed in Australia New Zealand and Canada

Question 37

how architecture influenced the public attitudes to Empire

Answer 37

• Edwin Lutyens designed in Britain and the Empire for example Johannesburg art gallery, the British pavilion at international exhibition in Rome and mapped out city plans for New Delhi as the new capital
• Herbert Baker took annual visits to supervise work in New Delhi

Question 38

how events, exhibitions, celebrations and coronations influenced the public attitudes to Empire

Answer 38

• 1887 Nubian village of humans and animals collected in Sudan was erected
• 1886 exhibition built in Indian style with natives brought as living exhibits
• 1890 Africa exhibit in London of Stanley’s African travels
• victorious Diamond Jubilee boasted 50,000 soldiers and George the fifth’s coronation of the Crystal Palace supported Empire eg had intra Empire sports competitions

Question 39

how education influenced the public attitudes to Empire

Answer 39

• 1883 boys brigade reinforced the Glory of empire and Boy Scouts established in 1908 and girl guides in 1912 the designed to train defenders of empire
• girls friendly society had 200,000 members by 1914
• school books included tales of bravery in empire. geography and history books percent of men on the spot as he is not even on ABC for baby Patriots
• boys Empire league created by Spicer had an annual exam in which first prize was £25 and free passage to a colony