experience of British rule for natives

Question 1

positive experience in Asia (6)

Answer 1

1. 1892 Indian councils act allowed 16 Indians to sit on the Imperial legislative council
2. 1909 Indian councils act allowed 60 Indians (27 elected) to sit on the imperial council and 135 members to be elected to the provincial councils
3. Morley appointed 2 Indians to London advisors
4. council seats reserved for Muslims
5. reunification of Bengal+ moved capital from Calcutta to New Delhi (1911)
6. irrigation programme increased amount of arable land by 8%

Question 2

rebuttal for positive experience in Asia

Answer 2

1. council seats and movement of capital only pleased Muslims who were a minority in India
2. Even after 1909 councils act, appointed officials remained in the majority and Indian representatives were only selected from the landowning class + these councils remained advisory- 168 resolutions made in imperial council, 76 rejected, 68 withdrawn

Question 3

negative experience in Asia (3)

Answer 3

2. 1905 petition of Bengal was done without the consent or knowledge of Indians and created a majority muslim province.
3. Britain divided Chinese trade concessions eg Russia got port Arthur, Japan got sovereignty over Formosa and Germany got mines in Shantung and kiachow
4. by 1895, opium made up £10 million a year in Anglo-Chinese trade

Question 4

positive experience for Natives in Egypt Sudan and West Africa (5)

Answer 4

1. Egypt- Ashwan dam made 1/2 million acres of desert land arable
2. Egypt- 1913 legislative assembly replaced advisory council of law with 60 elected and 17 appointed
3. Sudan- 1906 port Sudan opened and railway/telegraph lines were extended and 1911 Gezira scheme improved irrigation
4. Nigeria got 90% of West African gin trade which by 1908 was worth £1.2 million
5. Lugard’s indirect rule in Northern Nigeria meant local rulers maintained local custom and laws + est schools which had African dress uniform

Question 5

negative experience for Natives in Egypt, Sudan and West Africa (5)

Answer 5

1. 1906 Denshwai incident- clash between British officers and Egyptians led to 52 Egyptian arrests- 1 life sentence, 26 sentenced to hard Labour and flogging
2. British representation in Egyptian government rose from 100 in 1885 to 1,000 in 1905
3. 1896 battle of Omdurman- machine guns and rifles used against Khalifa’s army killing 11,000 and wounding 16,000
4. Sudan- 33 mounted expeditions to force tribes to accept British rule and pay tax
5. 1897 Kano- Lugard sent in 700 soldiers, 4 artillery pieces and 4 machine guns to get rid of the muslim state

Question 6

positive experience for Natives in East/ South Africa (3)

Answer 6

1. £550 mill spent on Ugandan railway that by 1908 made a profit of £60,000 a year
2. Uganda transferred to British crown in 1894- afterwards they ensured slave trade was unable to return to the region
3. Britain involved themselves in negotiations with Boers to secure greater rights for Utilanders attempting to gain them voting rights before 14 years of settlement

Question 7

negative experience for natives in East/ South Africa (3)

Answer 7

1. from 1895 Britain bullied and bribed the Kikuyu tribes for their land allowing them to squat there in return for 6 months hard labour + set aside upland region (most temperate and fertile) for Europeans from 1903
2. 2nd Boer war- 9,000 Boers killed, 23,000 sent overseas, 1/4 of Boer civilians died in concentration camps including 24,000 children
3. end of 1890- 400 well armed soldiers entered the Ndbele kingdom and overthrew the King

Question 8

rebuttal for positive experience in East/ South Africa

Answer 8

1. Ugandan railway construction cost 2,500 lives + majority of profits went to Britain
2. Britain broke down negotiations for Utilander rights and sent 10,000 extra troops in 1899