Emt Flashcards
1
Q
Epistaxes
A
Noseblood
2
Q
Hypoxia
A
Low level of oxygen in blood .
Early signs of hypoxia are anxiety, confusion, and restlessness;
3
Q
Paradoxical
A
Opposite of what a drug is expected to do
4
Q
Flail chest
A
Chest wall doesn’t have bony continuity with the rest of rib cage
5
Q
Pulmonary edema
A
Wet lungs
6
Q
Pulmonary contusion
A
Bruised lungs
7
Q
tension pneumothorax
A
occurs when air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung and increases pressure in the chest, reducing the amount of blood returned to the heart.
8
Q
cerebrovascular accident CVA
A
Stroke
9
Q
Ventricular tachycardia VTACH
A
Rapid heart beat
10
Q
Compartment syndrome
A
A painful and dangerous condition caused by pressure buildup from internal bleeding or swelling of tissues.
11
Q
Hemorrhagic shock
A
a form of hypovolemic shock in which severe blood loss leads to inadequate oxygen delivery at the cellular level.
12
Q
Evisceration
A
Open abdominal wound were organs are protruding
13
Q
Apnea
A
Stops breathing during sleep
14
Q
How long should you scrub your hands b4 washing
A
20 seconds
15
Q
Solid organs can bleed more than others which are they
A
Splen, liver , diaphragm, kidneys, and pancreas
16
Q
Deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the right atrium via ?
A
Superior and inferior vena cava
17
Q
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventrem to the lungs via?
A
Pulmonary arteries
18
Q
Oxygenated blood returns to the lungs via left ventrium via
A
Pulmonary veins
19
Q
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the body via
A
Aorta
20
Q
Mallory Weiss syndrome
A
Partial tear of esophagus frequently causes upper G.I. bleed
21
Q
Chokelithiasis
A
Presence of stones in gall bladder
22
Q
APGAR SCORE is for who and what does it mean
A
Assess status of newborn
A- appearance
P-paluse
G- grimace (irration)
A- muscle tone
R- respiration
23
Q
Myocardial infarction
A
Heart attack
24
Q
Plavix pre hospital
A
Blood thinners
25
Heparin
Strong blood thinner used in hospitals
26
Trachea divides into two main bronchi at the atomomical point known as
Carina
27
Carotic cartilage is a firm Ridge forming the lower part of
Larynx
28
Pharynx is the area between the
Mouth and epiglottis
29
Thin leaf like structure that folds the glottis to prevent ?
Food from entering the trachea
30
Ami
Acute myocardial in fracture
31
Sharp pain that worsens with inspiration
Ami
32
syncopal episode
Fainting or passing out
33
Nuchal cord
Belco cord being wrapped around babies head and multiple loops
34
Pneumothorax
Air leaking in the space between the chest and the lungs
35
How many bones are in a foot?
26
36
Costovertebral Angle tenderness
Pain resulting from the 12th rib and spine causing pain in kidney
37
How often should vital signs be taken on a patient who requires airway mngt
5 mins
38
Stable. Patient should have her vitals checked how often
15 minutes
39
If an acute myocardial fracture is untreated 90% of affected mile cardio in fracture will die within what time frame
3-6 hours
Some cells start to die within 30 minutes , after two hours, half the cells die
40
How long can the brain go without before, receiving in reversible damage
4/6 mins
41
Barotrama
Injury to your body because of changes in barometric (air) or water pressure.
Ex. Going up in airplane
42
Hypercapnia
Too much carbon dioxide in your blood
43
Gastric detention
Enlargement of the stomach
44
parasympathetic nervous system
is a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger slows the body down and causes bradycardia
45
Jugular vein, distention
Bulging of a major van in the neck key symptom of heart failure
46
Cardiogenic shock
Inadequate heart function
47
Septic shock
A widespread infection causing organ failure and dangerously low blood pressure.
48
Neurological shock
Damage to the cervical spine
49
Naloxone
Reverse the effect of opioid overdose
50
Infant from 1-12 months what is preferred method of defibrillation
Manual
51
3rd part of stage of labor
Delivered the placenta
52
1st stage of labor / 2nd
1st - cervix is fully dilated
2nd - delivery of baby
53
Max dose of nitro
3
54
Early signs of respiratory distress in child
Agitation
55
Respiratory rates :
1-12 monts, toddler 1-3, preschool 4-5,
School aged 6-12,adolescent 12-16
Infant 30-60
Toddler24-40
Preschool22-34
School aged 18-30
Adolescent 12-16
56
Strider
High pitch crowning sounds heard during inhalation high in thoat
57
Rhonchi
Low pitch heard during exhale suggest mucus in lungs
58
Wheezing
High pitched whistling sound heard on exhale. Suggesting obstruction or narrowing of lower throat
59
Crackles
Are wet , heard inhale and exhale presence of fluid in lungs
60
How long after birth will a newborn breath spontaneously
15-30 secs
61
What is unlawfully placing a person in fear of harm
Assault
62
For a Pt. With a stemi AHA MNGT guideline includes ?
12 lead ekg in 10 mins
Rapid transport
Begin pci in 90 mins
63
AMi can be damaged in how many mins
Acute myocardial infarction heart can be damage in 30 mins
64
What is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from heart
Aorta
65
What provides oxygenated blood to the heart
Coronary arteries they are branches from aorta .
66
Difference b/tw corotid, cerebral and femoral artery
COr- supply blood to head located in neck
Cer-blood to brain in skull
F- supply’s blood to lower extremities in thigh
67
Kounis syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome caused by allergic reaction or a sting immune reaction Chest pain relating to blow blood pressure
68
Most common antidepressants
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft , celexa
69
Diff between bag val mask, non rebirther and nasal cannula regarding oxygen to Pt.
Bag- 100% 15 lit
Non- 95 10-15 lit
And- 24-44 1-6 lit
70
Tachycardia
Rapid heart beat
71
Hypotension
Low blood pressure
72
Hemiparesis
Unable to move one side of the body
73
Dysphasia
Difficulty swallowing
74
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
75
Size of king lt airway by color
Yellow size 3 for 4-5 ft pp
Red size 4 for 5-6ft tall
Purple size 5 for 6+ ft tall
White size 1 for pt. 5-12 kg
76
Average length of first stage of pregnancy in primigravide Pt.
12-18 hours
77
Ischemia
Not enough blood flow to an organ or part of the body exp heart
78
OPQRST stands for
Onset - what we’re you doin when it started
Provocation/palliation- does anything make it worst or better
Quality- what does it feel like
Region/Radiation- where do you feel the pain
Severity- scale of 0-10
Time. When did it start, how long
79
Death of body tissue is called
Infraction
80
Preeclampsia
Condition that occurs in second stage of pregnancy
81
Start stands for
Simple triage rapid transport
82
Tricuspid value located
Between right atrium and the right ventricle
83
Oxygen tank sizes: D size , jumbo d, e size , m(mm), g size , h,a, m4ps k size
D- 350 L
Jumbo- 500
E - 625
M- 3000
G- 5300 l
K- 6900
84
Hematemesis / Melena , epistaxes , diff
Blood in vomit
Blood in stole
Nosebleed
85
5 common routes of parenteral ( route of entry other than digestive track)
Sc/sq-subcutaneous
Ip- intraperitoneal
Iv- intravenous
Id- intradermal
I’m intramuscular
86
Lobes in lungs
3 upper middle lower in right lung
2 in left upper lower
87
Pericardium
Fibrous sac that surrounds heart , if filled with blood /fluid could lead to cardiac tamponade
88
Average stroke volume for adult
70-80 ml
89
Diphenhydramine
Med
For allergic reaction ( beladrill )
90
Venous bleeding
Dark red flows steady from wood
91
Arterial bleeding
Bright red spurts with pt. Pulse
92
Capillary bleeding
Dark red and ozing steady but slow
93
Hace vs ams vs hape
High altitude pulmonary edema -hape
High altitude cerebral- hace
Acute mountain sickness
94
Spina bifoda
A birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop properly.
95
Semptic
Respond to infection
96
Atherosclerosis
Build up of plaque due former by cholesterol
97
Sympathomimetic
Epinephrine, albutraal , concaone and methamphetmine
98
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenating blood to
Lungs to be oxidized via pulmonary artery
99
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the
plumary veins
100
Oxygenated blood flows form Left atrium to left ventricle through
Mitral value
101
Left ventricle pumps the blood to the body via
Aorta
102
Deoxygenated blood returns form
The body to
The right atrium via
Superia and inferior vena carvae
103
Duo due and mark 1 kits have
Atropine , pralidoxime nerve end reversal
104
3 components of Cushing triad
Widening pulse pressure , bradycardia and changes in respiration
105
Metabolic alkalosis
Cause bradypnea reduce in respiration
106
Carina
Right be the split of the bronchi
107
vallecula
is located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis and plays a crucial role in the swallowing process and airway management.
108
Hemorrhagic shock
Results from a lot of blood loss ( big trauma)
109
Compensated shock
he initial stage of shock when a series of compensatory mechanisms are able to counter the decrease in tissue perfusion. Damage to the tissues and organs may be reversible and further deterioration can be prevented if shock is addressed during the compensated stage.
110
Decomposing shock
old, clammy extremities; a feeble or absent peripheral pulse; severe tachycardia (or bradycardia in late shock); a PP < 20 mm Hg; or a low systolic blood pressure (SBP) for age.
111
What is a waybill
Carried by conductor of a train use to identify hazM
112
Heart wall has 3 layers
Epiccardium, myocardium and endocardium
Epic- outer
Myo-middle
Endo inner
113
Avulsion
Open injury that separates soft layer of skin
114
Vagus nerve stimulation
Vasovagal esp when you push to hard and you pass out
115
Thromboembolism
Portion of a blood clot that breaks off from original area and occludes a smaller vein
116
Positive pressure ventilation can result in
Decrease blood return to heart ( preload )
Decrease blood pressure
117
Acute coronary syndrome
Any condition brought on by a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to the heart
118
Postical state
Period following a seizure labeled as labored breathing and altered mental status
119
What should be met before terminating basic life support CPR on a patient
Arrest not witness by EMT, no return of spontaneous circulation (Rsc) no AED shock and reliable criteria, indicating no chance of life
120
Jaw thrust maneuver is used for
Opening airway of trauma patient
121
cyanotic
Blueish color of skin
122
How many liters does a adult human have in their blood
6
123
APGAR stands for
Appearance color of skin
Pulse
Grimace - respond to stimuli
Activity resistance to hip /knee strengthening
Respiration
124
Parasympathetic nervous system
Organophosphate poisoning ( Bradycardia is a sigh)
125
Ecchymosis
Buildup of blood in dermis
126
Hemodialysis
is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy.
127
Respiratory alkalosis
occurs when low carbon dioxide levels disrupt your blood's acid-base balance.
128
Pelvic binder
Temporary stabilize and reduce internal bleeding
129
How much blood could be lost to a internal bleeeding secondary to the closed femoral shaft fracture
500-1000 ml
.5-1 liter
130
When the right ventricle contracts how does the blood go
To lungs via pulmonary arteries
131
Pleural effusion
Collection of fluid outside the lungs or both side of chest infection, pulmonary embolism, heart failure and cancer can lead to it
132
Describe type one diabetes
Production of antibodies to pancreatic beta cells
133
The trachea is what part of the airway
Lower
134
Traction splint don’t work with
Upper extremities, pelvic, knees, lower foot or ankle or amputation
135
Dyspnea
Shortness of breathe
136
Providing emergency care without consent is considered
Battery
137
Tertiary blast injury
Being herld into a stationary object
138
What factors should be assessed when’s splinting ?
Pause motor functions sensation
139
Occlusive dressing do you what and are for
Help prevent Aaron liquid from entering or exiting the wound. Typically used for open wounds , abdominals eviscetions,back wounds and neck wounds
140
Trauma lethal triad
Hypothermia, acidosis coagulopathy these are considered major indicators of death for people with severe traumatic, bleeding
141
Proximal versus distal
P - above wound
D- below
142
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood directly to the body
Left ventricle
143
Soils organs
Spleen, liver , pancreas and kidney
144
Hollow organs
Stomach , gallbladder, duodenum, large intestines, small and bladder
145
Pre-eclampsia
usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in a woman whose blood pressure had been normal. It can lead to serious, even fatal, complications for both mother and baby
146
Rices means
Rest , ice , elevation and splinting
147
sphyg·mo·ma·nom·e·ter
And how is it used right
Blood pressure cuff ; 1-1.5 spanning 2-3 the length of armpit to elbow
148
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage may cause ?
Dark color stool , common occurs due to upper gi bleed
149
Body regions
Pg. 108
150
Ligaments
Tissue that connects bone to bone
151
Tissue that connects muscle to bone
Tendons
152
Top back and side of skull
Cranium
153
Wing shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms apple apple
Thyroid
154
Bones joints and muscle is what system
Musculoskeletal
155
Nasal cavity , pharynx, larynx,trachea , bronchial tubes and lungs which system
Respiratory
156
Heart arties and veins which system
Cardiovascular
157
Tonsils, thymus gland , spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels which system
Lymphatic
158
Brain , spinal cord and nerves which system
Nervous
159
Oral cavity , pharynx, esophagus, stomach , small/large intestine, liver , gallbladder and pancreas are part of what system ?
Digestive system
160
Skin, hair , nails sweat glands which system
Integumentary
161
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, andrenal glands , pancreas, testes and ovaries which system
Endocrine
162
Kidneys, ureter , urinary bladder urethra
Renal /urinary
163
Mandible
Lower jawbone
164
Maxillae
2 fused bones forming the upper jaw
165
Orbits
Eye socket
166
Zygomatic
Cheeks bones
167
Vertebrae
33 bones of spinal column
168
Thorax
Chest
169
Sternum
Breast bone
170
Xiphoid
Inferior portion of sternum
171
Pelvis
Basin shaped bony structures that supports the spine
172
Femur
Large bone of thigh
173
Patella
Kneecap
174
Tibia
Medial /large bone of lower leg
175
Fibula
Smaller lateral bone in lower leg
176
Tarsals
Ankle bones
177
Calcaneus
Heel bone
178
Phalanges
Toe /finger bones
179
Scapula
Shoulder blade
180
Ulna
Medial bone of forearm
181
Automaticity
Ability of heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own
182
Larynx
Voice boxs
183
Cricoid
Ring shaped structure that forms lower portion of larynx
184
Trachea
Windpipe
185
Bronchi
2 large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs . There is a right and left
186
Plasma
fluid portion of blood
187
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from cells
188
White blood cells
Help body fight infection
189
Venule
Smallest part of vein
190
Arteriole
Smallest kind of artery
191
Posterior tibial artery
Artery supplying foot, behind the medial ankle
192
Dorsalis pedis
Artery supplying foot , lateral to large tendon to bud toe
193
Pulmonary vein
Vessel thst carry oxygenated blood from lung to the left atrium of the heart
194
Diastolic vs systolic
D- pressure in arteries when left ventricle is refilling
S- Arteries pushing blood out into circulation
195
Central pulses
Carotid , femoral ,
196
Peripheral pulses
Radical , brachial, posterior , tibial, and dorsalsis pedis pulses
197
Hypo perfusion
Inability of the body to adequately circulate blood .. shock
198
Aerobic metabolism / anaerobic
Cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose..
Anaerobic- glucose is metabolized into energy w/o oxygen
199
Cardiac output
Amount of blood ejected from heart in 1 min
200
Stoke volume
Amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 contraction
201
Diaphoresis
Sweating , cool , pale and moist skin
202
Perfusion
he passage of blood, a blood substitute, or other fluid through the blood vessels or other natural channels in an organ or tissue.
203
Edema
Swelling associated with movement of the water into the interstitial space
204
Cystic
Unitary track infection of bladder
205
Kyphosis
Forward curling of the back
206
Renal calculi
Kidney stones
207
Meconium
Fetal stool appearing as green fluid during a ruptured amnioc sack
208
Nuchal cord
Umbilical cord
209
Preeclampsia
Possible complications during pregnancy, appears at week 20
210
Ecalmpia
Onset seizures due to hypertension
211
Amniotic sac
Can rupture at beginning of labor
212
Correct way to perform head tilt: chin lift on Pt. With no spinal trauma
Heel of hand on forehead with pressure, fingertips upper lower jaw and lift chin up
213
Coagulpathies
When clotting is deficient or inexzitant
214
Primary injuries occur regard car accident
Impact of a blast wave
215
Secondary injuries occur form 2 sources
Fragmentation or shrapnel
216
Tertiary injures result form
Being thrown into a blast wave
217
Quarternary injuries
Long term damage form biological or radiological material
218
APGAR score
Appearance , pulse grimace, activity and respiration
219
Sickle cell anemia
A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down.
With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
220
Pulmonary embolism
caused by a blocked artery in the lungs. The most common cause of such a blockage is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lungs, where it gets lodged in a smaller lung artery. Almost all blood clots that cause pulmonary embolism are formed in the deep leg veins.
221
Renal system consist of 5 things which are
2 kidneys , 2 ureters, 1 urethra
222
Deep vein thrombosis
A blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs.
This condition is serious because blood clots can loosen and lodge in the lungs.
223
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of cholesterol into plaque on the inside of the walls of blood vessels
224
Hemophilia
A disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally.
When blood can't clot properly, excessive bleeding (external and internal) occurs after any injury or damage.
225
Oxygen saturation levels recommend by American heart association
Acs-
Stoke
Post cardiac. Arrest Pt.
90
95-98
92-98
226
AED WILL SHOKE PP With ?
VTACH and vfib
227
Ventricular tachycardia
condition in which the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) beat very quickly.
Ventricular tachycardia occurs due to a problem with the heart's electrical impulses. The condition may develop as a complication of a heart attack or may occur in people with certain conditions, such as valvular heart disease.
228
Ventricular fibrillation
life-threatening heart rhythm that results in a rapid, inadequate heartbeat.
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a rapid, life-threatening heart rhythm starting in the bottom chambers of the heart. It can be triggered by a heart attack.
229
Rule of 9 is what.
Method to assess body surface area has been burned. Only applies to second and third degree burns
9% for head , each arm
18% for chest and back each leg
1% for privets
Kids
18 for head back and chest
9- arms ,
13.5 each leg
1 for private
230
Cardiac output formula
Amount of blood pumped to heart in 1 minutes, found by multiple stroke per minute by heart rate (in beats per min)
231
Early signs of hypoxia
Restlessly, irritated, apprehensive, tachycardia anxiety
232
What bones forms lower leg
Tibia , fibula
233
The appropriate side blood pressure cliff will wrap around the arm how much
1-1.5 x and span 2/3 the lengths of the armpit to elbow
234
Diabetic ketoacidosis
A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).
This condition occurs when there isn't enough insulin in the body. It can be triggered by infection or other illness.
235
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome (HHNS) is
a dangerous condition resulting from very high blood glucose levels. HHNS can affect both types of diabetics, yet it usually occurs amongst people with type 2 diabetes.
236
2 types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic: These are nervous system processes your brain runs automatically and without you thinking about them.
Somatic: These are functions you manage by thinking about them.
237
sympathetic nervous system
(fight or flight )
238
Sympathetic nervous system causes ?
Tachycardia if simlulated
239
What is trending ?
Comparison of previous and current vital s
240
Assessing pulse should take no longer than
10 second
241
Ventricle tachycardia
Rapid heart rhythm usually 150-200beats per min
242
Anatomical location of carotid cartilage
Inferior to thyroid cartilage, lowest portion of larynx
243
Epidermis
Skin
244
Dermis
Deeper level of skin
245
Narrowest part of if airway in chiller younger than 8
Cricoid ring
246
vas·o·di·la·tion
the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure
247
Anticoagulant
e medicines that help prevent blood clots
248
Platelet aggregation inhibitors
work in different places of the clotting cascade and prevent platelet adhesion, therefore no clot formation. Aspirin, the most commonly used antiplatelet drug
249
Csm ( treating abrasion and lacerations)
Circulation sensory motor fucntions
250
Indictors of return of spontaneous circulation (rosc ) in adult pt
moving, coughing, or breathing, along with signs of a palpable pulse or a measurable blood pressure.
251
PetCO2
PetCO2 value represents a reliable index of CO2 partial pressure in the arterial blood (PaCO2) (measured using blood gas analysis (BGA))
252
Purpose of lung surfactant
Reduces surface tension of alveoli
253
Subdural hemotoma occur
Sudden acceleration/deceleration accident . Tearing of bridging vein of dura
254
Epidural hemotoma
Collection of blood in the space between skull and dura
255
Basiliar skull
High energy and occurs following a diffused impact
256
Sinoatrial node (sa) is
Responsible for eletric impulses of a normal healthy heart
257
What types of hepatitis can be transmitted by blood or sex
C, b, d,
A - transmitted by fecal oral route
258
What is not seen in new onset type 1 diabetes?
Polypharmacy
259
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is ?
An autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are created against pancreatic beta cells
260
Polypharmacy is ?
Use of multiple medications by Pt.
261
Proximal means
Above the wound
262
Stable angina pectoris
Cardia chest pain stabilized by rest, oxygen or nitro
263
Acute myocardial infarction AMI
Death of heart muscles cells
264
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage of an Artery in the lungs typically by a clot develops is leg or pelvis
265
The AHA’s “ H’s and T’s “ what’s included
Toxins , hypovolemia , hypoxia
266
Appropriate tidal volume that should be administered to an adult
500ml
267
Meds for seizures?
Phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valproic acid (Depakene), levetiracetam (Keppra), and topiramate (Topamax) are common anticonvulsant medications.
268
Donepezil (Aricept) is prescribed for
management of dementia and is not an anticonvulsant.
269
Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to
treat or prevent blood clots in veins or arteries, which can reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack,
270
Sympathomimetics are
central nervous system stimulants that mimic the effects of the sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system.
Examples include cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy), methamphetamine, and caffeine.
271
Heroin, fentanyl, and Oxycodone are
Opioid
272
An electrocardiogram is a form of
cardiac monitoring that can be used in the prehospital setting.
273
There are four limb electrodes: white,black, green red where do they go
white (placed on the right arm), black (placed on the left arm), green (placed on the right leg or lower right abdomen), and red (placed on the left leg or lower left abdomen).
274
The remaining leads are listed below with their respective placement V1-6
:
• V1: fourth intercostal space, right sternal border
• V2: fourth intercostal space, left sternal border
• V3: between V2 and V4 (between the fifth and sixth ribs)
• V4: fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line
• V5: fifth intercostal space at the anterior axillary line
• V6: fifth intercostal space (V4, V5, and V6 are all on the same horizontal level) on the midaxillary line
275
Hepatitis
(inflammation of the liver) or liver insult/injury will most commonly cause right upper quadrant pain and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and sclera). Liver insult may be caused by gallstones/gallbladder insult, viral hepatitis, or drug or alcohol use.
276
Chronic renal failure can cause
lethargy, nausea, headaches, cramps, and extremity edema if untreated. It can progress to seizures or coma in later stages.
277
Pancreatitis, which may also be caused by gallstones, is an inflammation of
pancreas.
278
Pneumonia typically involves a
cough, fevers, and dyspnea and occasionally causes pain that radiates to the upper abdomen.
279
does not cause cyanosis?
Anemia is a lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. A patient with anemia may appear weak and fatigued and have pale skin.
280
cause cyanosis.
Chronic bronchitis, hypothermia, and hypoxia
281
What are the components of the perfusion triangle?
Blood vessels, heart and blood
282
Cullen sign is bruising around
the umbilicus (periumbilical ecchymosis) and indicates intraperitoneal hemorrhage.
283
Grey-Turner sign is
bruising along the sides of the abdomen (flank ecchymosis) and indicates retroperitoneal hemorrhage.
284
Murphy's sign is pain
just below the right costal margin on inspiration with palpation and is indicative of cholecystitis.
285
Kehr's sign is pain
in the tip of the shoulder due to the presence of blood or other irritants in the peritoneal cavity when a person is lying down and the legs are elevated.
286
Kehr's sign in the left shoulder is
classic symptom of a ruptured spleen.
287
For most adults, at what level must a patient's systolic blood pressure be in order to demonstrate a palpable radial pulse?
90 mm hg
288
Abruptio placentae may result
Shock
289
Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of
placenta from the uterine wall.
290
Placenta previa is when the placenta covers the
cervical opening. Patients may experience heavy vaginal bleeding, often without pain.
291
Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs when
pregnant patient lies supine and the uterus compresses the inferior vena cava. The blood returning to the heart is decreased, resulting in hypotension in the mother. Because of this risk, any patient in the third trimester of pregnancy should be positioned on her left side during transport.
292
Which of the following is a late sign of respiratory distress for an adult patient?
Bradycardia
293
Early signs of respiratory distress for an adult patient may include the
tripod position, tachypnea, and retractions.
294
As respiratory distress continues and the patient becomes tired from the effort of
breathing, hypoxia, bradypnea, bradycardia, and an altered level of consciousness can occur. In severe respiratory distress, wheezing can be audible.
295
Vesicular breath sounds are
normal breath sounds.
296
The patient is hyperventilating, likely due to
metabolic acidosis.
297
Kussmaul respirations
(deep, rapid respirations) often manifest in patients with metabolic acidosis due to hyperglycemia (diabetic ketoacidosis).
298
Hyperventilation occurs as an attempt by the body to reduce
acidity by releasing more carbon dioxide (i.e., decreasing carbon dioxide levels within the body).
299
Kussmaul respirations do not affect
blood glucose levels and are a response to correct acidic conditions.
300
As waveform capnography becomes available, what should be the target end-tidal carbon dioxide level during hyperventilation?
30-35 mm Hg
301
appropriate methods for opening an airway in a prehospital setting are
head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver and the jaw-thrust maneuver.
If trauma is suspected, the jaw-thrust maneuver is the most appropriate method to open an airway. Do not modify the head-tilt/chin-lift method unless necessary.
302
The sniffing position is when a patient spontaneously
flexes their neck forward and extends their head up and back in order to open a partially obstructed upper airway.
303
an uninjured limb of a pediatric patient, capillary refill time may indicate
Perfusion(poor pass of blood )
304
Hands-on cardiovascular assessment involves evaluating
skin signs.
305
Cool proximal extremities reflect poor
perfusion and shunting of blood to the core.
306
Capillary refill time (CRT) in a pediatric patient is determined by
pressing firmly on the skin (e.g., thigh). CRT should be under 2-3 seconds in a child who is not cold.
307
Hypoglycemia frequently causes what to skin.??
clammy skin.
308
There are five commonly used routes of parenteral which r
subcutaneous (SC/SQ), intraperitoneal (IP), intravenous (IV), intradermal (ID), and intramuscular (IM).
309
Intracranial Pressure (ICP) rises with the
accumulation of blood within the skull or swelling of the brain. As ICP increases, blood pressure must also rise; otherwise, cerebral ischemia will result. Prompt recognition of ICP is critical.
310
Irregular breathing (e.g., Cheyne-Stokes), bradycardia, widened pulse pressure, headaches, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status, sluggish or absent pupillary response, and decerebrate posturing are all indications of
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
311
Cushing's triad
Cushing's triad refers to a set of signs that are indicative of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), or increased pressure in the brain. Cushing's triad consists of bradycardia (also known as a low heart rate), irregular respirations, and a widened pulse pressure.
312
Epiglottitis is a life-threatening
A potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the tissue protecting the windpipe becomes inflamed.
Epiglottitis is commonly caused by an infection. The resulting inflammation causes swelling, which blocks air to the lungs
313
Epiglottitis is more common in
Infants and children than adults
314
A patient has had skin contact with a poison.
For how long should their skin be flooded with water?
15-20 minutes
315
The left upper quadrant contains the
stomach, spleen, and a portion of the pancreas.
316
right upper quadrant contains
liver, gallbladder, duodenum of the small intestine, and a portion of the pancreas.
317
The left lower quadrant contains
large and small intestines.
318
Of the large intestines, the left lower quadrant contains
descending and left half of the transverse colon.
319
right lower quadrant contains the large and small
intestines.
320
the large intestines, the right lower quadrant contains the ascending
Colon
321
Which of the following arteries indicate central pulses?
Carotid and femoral arteries
322
Inhalation medications used for acute exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include
albuterol, ipratropium bromide, levalbuterol, and metaproterenol sulfate. Xopenex is a trade name for levalbuterol. These medications may also be used for bronchitis.
323
Inhalation medications used for chronic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (not acute asthma exacerbations) include
beclomethasone, cromolyn, fluticasone, montelukast, and salmeterol. Salmeterol may also be used for bronchitis.
324
Dependent lividity is when blood settles at the
lowest point of the body; this causes a discoloration of the skin at that point. This is a definitive sign of death.
325
Putrefaction is the decomposition
of body tissues, which can occur between 40 and 96 hours after death.
326
Cyanosis is
blue coloring of skin, lips, mucous membranes, or nail beds. This is a sign of low levels of oxygen in the blood. If it is severe, cyanosis can also be a sign of death.
327
Sunken fontanelle
Severe dehydration in infants creates very dry gums/lips, sunken eyes, loose skin without elasticity, a sunken fontanelle, lethargy, irritability, and/or a refusal of bottles.
328
Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE), decompression sickness (the "bends"), and descent pains (the
"squeeze") are conditions that may be caused by
Scuba diving
329
The most widely used water-rescue model consists of RTRG
reach, throw, row, go.
330
Preload is the stretch of
ventricular myocardial tissue just prior to the next contraction.
:
331
cardiac preload is determined by
end-diastolic volume (EDV). When venous return increases, EDV increases and stretches the ventricular muscle fibers, increasing tension on the heart.
332
Afterload is the force that
resists the work of the heart during contraction.
333
Arterial (aortic) pressure is the major component of
Afterload
334
Contractility is a measure of
contractability, the intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to develop force at a given muscle length.
335
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts against
walls of arteries
336
Generally, if a patient has a palpable radial pulse, their systolic blood pressure will be at least
90 mm hg
337
If a patient has a palpable femoral pulse, the systolic blood pressure will be at least
80 mm hg
338
If a patient has a palpable carotid pulse, the systolic blood pressure will be at least
70 mm hg
339
Which of the following joints can EMS professionals attempt to reduce in a prehospital setting (if protocol or medical control allows?
Shoulder knee wrist
340
is not a cause of hypovolemic shock?
Severe infection
341
Hypovolemic shock occurs in response to
inadequate fluid volume in the circulatory system.
342
Common causes of hypovolemic shock are
bleeding (hemorrhagic shock) and dehydration (e.g., from inadequate fluid intake, diarrhea, and/or vomiting).
343
Severe infections are a common cause of
septic shock, which is a type of distributive shock involving widespread dilation of small arterioles and/or venules, causing decreased tissue perfusion.
344
Pelvic fractures can be
vertical shear, open-book, or straddle fractures based on the mechanism of injury and characteristics of the fracture.
345
mid-shaft fracture would involve
long bone such as a femur, not the pelvis.
346
erythrocytes
Red blood cells
347
leukocytes
White blood cells
348
Blood is made up of four components:
erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
• leukocytes (White blood cells)
• platelets
• plasma
349
Bile is produced in the
liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is used in the digestion of food and is not a component of blood.
350
ideal position in which to place a child's head for the delivery of adequate ventilation?
A neutral sniffing position to achieve two goals: keeping the trachea straight and maintaining
351
Dermatomes are areas of skin that
area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.
352
T10
umbilicus
353
should be asked to help assess for possible spinal injuries?
"Can you squeeze my hands?"
354
What kind of shock causes tachycardia?
Decompensated shock
355
Crepitus is a sign of a
fracture, not a sprain.
356
Passive rewarming is an appropriate first step when dealing with a patient who has mild
hypothermia.
357
Active rewarming is used for patients with
severe hypothermia and is performed by ALS providers, with constant temperature monitoring.
358
cardiac muscle cells have a unique characteristic that is not found in any other types of muscle cells.
What is this unique characteristic called?
Automaticity
359
What is the preferred method to immobilize the patient's hip for transport?
Use a scoop stretcher with pillows
360
What causes migraines?
Changes in blood vessel size at the base of the brain
361
How does deoxygenated blood from the body enter the right atrium of the heart?
Through the vena cava
362
Crush syndrome can develop when an area of the body is trapped for some time, compromising arterial blood flow. How long does the area of the body need to be trapped for crush syndrome to develop?
Longer than 4 hours
363
Seizures are caused by a neurologic episode caused by a surge of electrical activity in the brain and are classified into two basic groups. What are the two basic groups?
Partial, Generalized
364
What is the maximum time you can suction before oxygenating the patient?
10 seconds
365
law principle allows EMTs to treat a patient with an altered level of consciousness during an emergency?
emergency doctrine
366
AVPU scale is used to test a patient's responsiveness. AVPU stands for the following:
• A- Awake and alert. The patient opens their eyes spontaneously as you approach and can follow commands.
• V- Responsive to verbal stimuli. The patient is not alert and awake, but they respond to verbal stimuli when you speak to them.
• P- Responsive to pain. The patient is not responsive to verbal stimuli, but they move or cry out in response to a painful stimulus.
• U-Unresponsive. The patient does not respond to verbal or painful stimuli.
Typically, an unresponsive patient will have no gag reflex and need assistance maintaining their airway.
367
AEIOU-TIPS
covers a variety of conditions that can lead to a patient having an altered mental status but is not used to determine a patient's responsiveness.
368
SAMPLE
the acronym used to remember what important information you need to gather from the patient while assessing them.
369
DCAP-BTLS
used to remind EMTs of what abnormalities and deformities to look for when inspecting and palpating the body during an exam.
370
GEMS diamond was created to help EMTs remember what is different about older patients. What does it stand for ?
environmental assessment.
medical assessment.
It is important to obtain a complete medical history as older patients
social assessment. Older patients might have a smaller social network and may need assistance with daily living needs, such as eating, bathing, and dressing.
371
What does the pulse oximeter measure?
The percentage of hemoglobin saturation
372
The recovery position
(lying on the side) is used to help maintain a patent airway in patients who are unconscious, uninjured, and who are breathing on their own.
373
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) requires employers to provide personal protective equipment
(PPE) and what else for EMS personnel?
Immunization
374
When a patient receives injuries from a primary blast (explosion), which organs are most susceptible to damage from pressure changes?
Kidney , heart lung
375
During their careers, EMTs will typically see a written document called an advance directive. Which are examples of an advance directive?
Do not revive , do not resuscitate, do not render care
376
Who develops local EMS protocols and provides daily oversight and support to EMS personnel?
The medical director
377
When a patient has an ischemic stroke, how soon does the drug tissue plasminogen activator (PA) need to be given to increase their chances of reversing the symptoms?
Within the first few hours
378
Assess pupillary response a rapid exam should take ?
60-90 seconds
379
DCAP-BTLS stands for ?
deformities, contusions, abrasions, punctures, burns, tenderness, lacerations, and swelling.
380
Capillary sphincters are
circular, muscular walls that constrict and dilate to regulate the blood flow through capillary beds.
381
The tunica media contains ?
the smooth muscles in the middle layer of the artery. They can contract or dilate to regulate blood flow through the artery and to subsequent capillary beds
382
Arterioles are the smallest branches of
artery and only exist to connect blood flow from arteries to capillaries;
383
Arteriovenous shunts allow a
bypass of blood past a capillary bed, if a backup of cells happens prior to the capillary.
384
Circumoral cyanosis
Only when mouth or lips turn blue.
385
Which of the following is the MOST common route of entry of toxic substances into the body?
Ingestion
386
nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones
387
good way to explain what sickle-cell anemia is, would be to state it is an abnormal:
Hemoglobin in red blood cells.
388
Pain associated with peritoneal irritation will typically be described by the patient as which of the following?
Somatic/parietal-sharp, easily localized pain.
389
Which of the following methods of entry of allergens into a patient will more likely result in anaphylaxis than the other methods of entry?
Injection
390
Renal calculi.
It’s a kidey stone .. common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin
391
Where is the typical injection site for an adult epinephrine auto-injector?
On the lateral aspect of the thigh midway between the knee and waist.
392
Scleral icterus.
yellowing of the eyes seen in severe cases of hepatitis?
393
common name for a contusion?
Bruise
394
epidural hematoma
occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and the dura mater, the thick membrane covering the brain. They typically occur when a skull fracture tears an underlying blood vessel. EDHs are about half as common as a subdural hematomas and usually occur in young adults.
395
subdural hematoma usually occurs after
falls or injuries involving strong deceleration forces.
396
Intracranial hemorrhage is the accumulation
Blood within skill
397
The acceptable practice of care for a given situation if someone of equal training was to face the same situation
Standard of care
398
The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of a
TRAMA Pt.
399
The head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver is reserved for
Non TRAMA
400
Abruptio placenta is the premature separation of
placenta from the uterine wall. The most common causes are hypertension and trauma.
401
A primary brain injury is an injury to
brain and its structures associated with the brain that is a result of an impact to the head.
402
secondary brain injury refers to
processes that increase the severity of the primary injury and negatively impact the outcome. caused by intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, infection, and cerebral ischemia.
However, the two most common causes of a secondary injury are hypotension and hypoxia.
403
What percentage of the vital capacity do older adults over 75 years of age have compared to young adults?
50%
404
GEMS diamond
geriatric patients.
environmental assessment.
medical assessment.
social assessment.
405
Which types of shock are related to pump failure?
Cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock are related to pump failure.
406
Cardiogenic shock is caused by
inadequate functioning of the heart or pump failure.
407
Cardiogenic shock
develops when the heart cannot maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet the body's needs.
408
Hypovolemic shock
inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the circulatory system.
409
Distributive shock occurs when
widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both.
410
Retrograde amnesia
When a person has a blow to the face or head, it may cause a concussion of the brain, which is known as a mild traumatic brain injury.
411
The principle of law that allows EMTs to treat a patient with an altered level of consciousness during an emergency is called the
The emergency doctrine
412
An advance directive is
legal document that a patient and their doctor sign, which specifies the patient's healthcare wishes if they become incapacitated and cannot make decisions for themselves.
413
Expressed consent is
verbal consent granted by an alert and oriented patient to treat and transport them if necessary.
414
Fixed suction units should generate an airflow of more than 40L/min and a vacuum of more than
300 mm hg
415
When ventilating apneic patients with a pulse, the goal is to mimic their normal respiratory rate. For adults, the ventilation rate is
1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds, and for children and infants, 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds.
416
urticaria,
Hives
417
Anarthria
severe form of motor speech disorder,
418
Hematuria refers to
blood in the urine,
419
What organ located in the stomach does not aid in digestion?
Spleen
420
Patients who have had a coronary artery bypass graft will have a long surgical scar on their
Chest
421
The AVPU scale is used to test a patient's
responsiveness.
Awake and alert
V-respon to verbal stimuli
P - response to pain
U - unresponsive
422
AEIOU-TIPS covers
variety of conditions that can lead to a patient having an altered mental status but is not used to determine a patient's responsiveness.
423
SAMPLE
acronym used to remember what important information you need to gather from the patient while assessing them.
424
DCAP-BTLS
remind EMTs of what abnormalities and deformities to look for when inspecting and palpating the body during an exam
425
Which position do you want to place your pregnant patient on the gurney for transport?
You want to place your patient on her left side, which keeps the uterus off the liver and improves circulation to the heart.
426
You would want to place your patient in a supine (on her back, face up) position if she needed help maintaining
Airway
427
What is not recommended position for pregnant women
High flowers
428
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
irregular breathing pattern common in patients with a stroke or head injury,
429
Kussmaul respirations
respirations present with deep, rapid respirations.
430
Automaticity
allows a cardiac muscle cell to spontaneously contract without stimuli from a nerve source.
431
sinoatrial node sends
normal impulses to myocardial cells, which will then contract when the impulses reach them.
432
Elasticity
ability to change and react and is not the unique characteristic found in the cardiac muscle cells.
433
Anisocoria
born with unequal pupils.
434
Cataracts are defined as
clouding of the lenses of the eye,
435
Reimplantation of an avulsed tooth is recommended within
20-60 mins
436
Patients who have pancreatitis present with severe pain in
upper left and upper right quadrants,
437
mnemonic STOP identifies
you must continue CPR once you start until one of four events occurs.
S-Starts, T-Transferred, O-Out of strength, and P-Physician.
438
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is also known as
liquid ecstasy.
439
Klonopin (clonazepam) is a medication used to prevent
seizures, panic disorders, and a movement disorder called akathisia. The street names for Klonopin are K, K-Pin, Pin, and Super Valium.
440
Xanax (alprazolam) is used
anxiety and panic disorders. The street names for Xanax are Bricks, Benzos, Bars, Zanbars, and Blue Footballs.
441
The PAT consists of three elements:
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. It's a type of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). This means your heart suddenly starts beating very fast.
442
The four types of motorcycle impacts are
head-on crash, angular crash, ejection, and controlled crash.
443
The lower airway is comprised of the
trachea, bronchioles, and main bronchus within the lungs.
444
The trachea begins below the
cricoid cartilage and descends down the midline of the neck into the thoracic cavity.
445
Inside the thoracic cavity, the trachea divides into
the right and left mainstem bronchus.
446
bronchioles are inside the
Lungs with the bronchi and alveoli.
447
larynx is found in the
upper airway. It is a cartilaginous structure located above the trachea and is the dividing point between the upper and lower airways.
448
pulmonary embolism is a
Blood cloth
449
Ectopic pregnancies typically occur in
fallopian tube while the fertilized egg is traveling to the uterus.
450
. A patient with an ectopic pregnancy may present with signs of
internal bleeding and pain when the fallopian tube ruptures.
451
What causes migraines?
Changes in blood vessel size at the base of the brain
452
Almost one-third of people who are killed immediately in a vehicle accident die from what type of chest injury?
Traumatic rupture of the aorta
453
Cardiac tamponade is caused by
blunt or penetrating trauma that causes a hemorrhage around the heart.
454
The pain that occurs from an AMI signals the
death of cells in the heart muscle.
455
Two illnesses that could cause a patient to hyperventilate are
diabetes and sepsis.
456
If a diabetic has high blood glucose levels, the body compensates by
hyperventilating to release the extra ketones that have caused acid to build up in the blood.
457
• When a patient has sepsis, they have a
severe infection in their body.
458
Hyperventilation is not typically seen in patients who have
epilepsy.
459
When a patient receives injuries from a primary blast (explosion), which organs are most susceptible to damage from pressure changes?
The gastrointestinal tract, middle ear and lung
460
soon does the drug tissue plasminogen activator (PA) need to be given to increase their chances of reversing the symptoms?
Within first few hours
461
Ageneralized (tonic-clonic) seizure
a result of abnormal electrical discharges from large areas in the brain, usually involving both hemispheres of the brain.
462
partial (focal) seizure begins
One part of brain
463
In a simple partial seizure, there is no
change in the level of consciousness. Patients may complain of weakness, dizziness, numbness, visual changes, and unusual smells or tastes.
464
A simple partial seizure may involve some
muscle twitching but will not be as violent as seen with a generalized seizure.
465
complex partial seizure will exhibit changes in
mental status and unusual interaction with the patient and their environment.
466
Epilepsy
disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures.
467
AEIOU-TIPS
• A-Alcohol
• E - Epilepsy, electrolytes, endocrine
• -Insulin
• O- Opiates and other drugs
• U-Uremia (kidney failure)
• T- Trauma, temperature
• I- Infection
• P- Poisoning, psychogenic causes
• S- Shock, stroke, seizure, syncope, space-occupying lesion, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Insulin is the second
468
The determination of negligence is based on the following four factors:
Duty: The EMT has an obligation to provide care and do so in a manner that is consistent with the standard of care established by training and local protocols.
2. Breach of duty: When the EMT does not act within an expected and reasonable standard of care.
3. Damages: When a patient is physically or psychologically harmed in a noticeable way.
4. Causation: There must be a reasonable cause and effect relationship between the breach of duty and the damage suffered by the patient.
469
Ventilations should be given to an adult patient every
5-6 second
470
Ventilations should be given to an child patient every
3 second
471
Gravida
number of pregnancy
472
Para
Number of births
473
A or ab
Abortions
