Ending Chapters Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Jury selection progress has _ stages? What are they?
A
3 stages
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
2
Q
Stage one (jury)
A
Master list of eligible citizens is compiled
(Eg voter registration, drivers license)
Must be a US citizen to take part in the states
3
Q
Stage 2
A
People are randomly drawn from the list and summoned for duty
4
Q
Stage 3
A
Pretoria’s interview or “voir dire” of potential jurors to under signs of bias
5
Q
Death qualification
A
A jury selection procedure used in capital cases that permits judges to exclude prospective jurors who say they would not vote for the death penalty
6
Q
Peremptory challenge
A
Lawyer dismissing a potential jury member for any reason
7
Q
The risk of false confessions
A
People confessing a crime they didn’t commit, just out of fear or a bad situation
8
Q
__________________ comes into play with confessions and jury
A
Fundemental attribution error
9
Q
Problems in the court
A
Eyewitness identifications are incredibly powerful for judges and jurors
Expert eyewitness testimony on eyewitness is normally inadmissible in Canada
Judges are juries believe issues associated with eyewitness memory are common knowledge
10
Q
Estimator variables
A
Aspects of the crime itself
Things like: dark outside, gun present, raining
11
Q
System variables
A
Factors controlled by criminal justice system
Things like the lineup
12
Q
Estimator variables (slide 24
A
Amount of time to see perpetrator
Eyewitnesses inter fear with guns and stress
13
Q
System variables (slide 25)
A
Unbiased vs biased instructions
Time between seeing perp and lineup
14
Q
Options for presenting line up
A
Simultaneous
Sequential
15
Q
Simultaneous police lineup
A
Suspect and foils all seen at the same time
16
Q
Sequential police lineup
A
Aka absolute judgement
Suspect / foils showed individually
17
Q
Polygraph
A
Mechanical instrument that records physiological arousel from multiple channels
18
Q
Aggression
A
Behavior that is intended to harm another individual
Ex. Yelling with intent of hurting feelings
Hitting someone or missing, having the intent
19
Q
Violence
A
Extreme form of aggression
20
Q
2 types of aggression
A
Proactive (instrumental)
Reactive (emotional)
21
Q
Proactive aggression (instrumental)
A
Harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end
Punch someone to steal their wallet
Beating someone up to win over a girl
22
Q
Reactive aggression
Emotional
A
Harm is inflicted for its own sake
Bar fights, emotional outbursts
23
Q
Cultures _________ worh respect to:
A
Differ
The forms of aggression typically taken
People’s attitudes towards various kinds of aggression
24
Q
Which gender is more violent?
A
Men!
But women are more indirectly aggressive
25
Testosterone and aggression are not linked together!
Testosterone in your system various person to person
26
Roles of serotonin
low levels of serotonin associated with high levels of aggression
Boosting serotonin can dampen aggressiveness
27
Effects of alcohol
Alcohol reduces anxiety, which lowers inhibitions against aggression
28
Myopia
Shortsightedness in the way we process information
29
Aggression. How can it be learned?
Aggression can be positive or negative
30
Positive reinforcement
Aggression produces desired outcomes
31
Negative reinforcement
Aggression prevents or stops undesirebalr outcomes
Punch a bully in the face and he stops bullying you
32
Social learning theory
Theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments
33
Culture of honour
Emphasizes honor and status, particularly, for males, and the role of aggression in protecting that honor
Promote violent behavior
Ex military honor code
- never insult mother
- never joke about mans sexuality
- never joke about someone’s girl
34
Sociocultural factors to aggression
Improved economy
Healthier living conditions
Social support
All are extremely important in reducing frustration
35
Desnsitiziation
Reduction in emotion related psychological reactivity in response to a stimulus
36
Problems with catharsis
Imagined aggression or the observation of aggressive models increase arousel and potential for aggression, it does not reduce it
37
Bullying
The use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate others
38
Adult bullying behavior
Uncontrolled anger and unpredictable irritability, frequently directed at safe targets
Projecting their inadequates on others
39
Pornography
Explicit sexual material
40
Non violent pornography
No sexual aggression
41
Violent pornography
Adding violence to porn increases the possibility of harmful effects
42
PTSD
Person experiences enduring negative physical and psychological symptoms after an extremely stressful event
43
Health psychology
The application of psychology to the promotion of physical health and to the prevention and treatment of illness
44
Biopsychosocial model
Health and illness are consequences of the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors
45
There is a _____ year gap in life expectancy between the lowest and highest socioeconomic groups in North America
20
46
Stress
Unpleasant state of arousel that arises when we perceive that the demands of a situation exceed our ability to cope effectively
47
Stressors
Anything that causes stress
48
Categories of stressors
Major life events
Daily hassles
49
Major life events
Things like job loss, illness, getting married, divorced, new job
50
Daily hassles
Relationship conflict, traffic, work demands, tests
The accumulation of daily hasssles does more damage than major life events
51
Is positive and negative change necessarily harmful
Positive stressors are not as harmful as negative stressors
Impact of change depends on person and how change is interpreted
52
Type A behavior pattern
Characterized by competitive striving for achievement, a sense of time urgency, hostility, and aggression
53
Which behavior pattern has the higher chance of coronary heart disease
Type A
54
Type B behavior pattern
Opposite of A
No time urgency, no aggression
55
General adaption syndrome 3 stages
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
56
General adaption syndrome
A three stage process by which the body responds to stress
57
Women tend to be more _______ than men who are under stress
Nurturing
58
Fight or flight for ______
| Tend-and-befriend for _____
Men
| Women
59
Psychneuroimmunolgy
Sub field of psychology that examines the links among psychological factors, the brain and nervous system, and the immune system
60
Brief stressors can ____ the immune response
Enhance
61
Chronic life stressors can _____ the immune response over time
Suppress
62
Immune system
Our biological surveillance system that detects and destroys foreign substances that invade our body (Bactria, parasites, etc)
63
Immune cells, which protect us, are specialized white blood cells called _______
Lymphocytes
64
Chronic stress leads to a _____ in the number of immune cells
Those that are left are less efficient too
Decrease
65
Optimism
Generalized tendency to expect positive outcomes
66
Placebo effect
The tendency for a drug or treatment to influence a patients condition because the patient believes in its effectiveness
67
___% of North American adults describe themselves as happy
75
68
What predicts happiness
Social relationships
Employment status
Physical health
69
How can people maximize their levels of happiness
Express gratitude
Savor a happy memory
Perform acts of kindness
70
I/O psychology
Industrial organizational psychology
71
Hawthorne effect
Simply observing workers increased productivity
72
Scientific alternatives to interviews
Standardized intelligence tests
Intellectual and cognitive abilities
Job specific knowledge and skills
73
Expectancy theory
Workers become motivated and exert effort when they believe effort will result in improved performance and performance will be recognized and rewarded
74
Equity theory
People want rewards to be equitable
| Being overpaid or underpaid will cause distress
75
Conspicuous consumption
Displaying wealth and status through houses, automobiles, clothing
76
Why some people want to lead
1) need for power
2) need for achievement
3) need for someone to step up
77
Need for power
Desire for prestige, status, and influence over others
78
Need for achievement
Desire to do something exceptionally well for its own sake
79
Need for someone to step up
Organization needs someone competent to lead
80
Characteristics traits of leaders
Ambition, intelligence, a need for power, self confidence, high energy, flexibility and adaptability
81
Transformational leadership
Motivates followers to transcend personal needs in the interest of a common cause
Articulates a clear vision of the future and then mobilizes others in a clear vision
82
Men are more _______ and women more ________
```
Men = controlling
Women = democratic
```
83
High status people are likely to
```
Interrupt others
Ignore others presence
Enter other personal space
Never wait in line
Make other wait for them
No small talk
```
84
cycle of violence
The transmission
of domestic violence across
generations.
85
weapons effect
The tendency
that the likelihood of aggression will
increase by the mere presence of
weapons.
86
hostile attribution bias
The
tendency to perceive hostile intent
in others.
87
rumination
```
In the context of
aggression, rumination involves
repeatedly thinking about and reliving
an anger-inducing event, focusing
on angry thoughts and feelings, and
perhaps even planning or imagining
revenge.
```
88
cultivation
The process by
which the mass media (particularly
television) construct a version of
social reality for the public.
89
weapon-focus effect
The tendency
for the presence of a weapon to
draw attention and impair a witness’s
ability to identify the culprit.
90
own-race identification bias
```
The
tendency for people to be more
accurate at recognizing members of
their own racial group than of other
groups.
```
91
misinformation effect
The
tendency for false post-event
misinformation to become integrated
into people’s memory of an event
92
Scientific Jury Selection
```
A method
of selecting juries through surveys
that yield correlations between
demographics and trial-relevant
attitudes.
```
93
jury nullification
The jury’s power to
disregard, or “nullify,” the law when it
conflicts with personal conceptions of
justice.
94
leniency bias
The tendency for jury
deliberation to produce a tilt toward
acquittal.
95
sentencing disparity
Inconsistency
of sentences for the same offense
from one judge to another.
96
adversarial model
A dispute–
resolution system in which the
prosecution and defense present
opposing sides of the story.
97
inquisitorial model
```
A dispute–
resolution system in which a neutral
investigator gathers evidence from
both sides and presents the findings
in court.
```
98
integrity tests
Questionnaires
designed to test a job applicant’s
honesty and character.
99
structured interview
An interview
in which each job applicant is asked
a standard set of questions and
evaluated on the same criteria.
100
assessment center
A structured
setting in which job applicants are
exhaustively tested and judged by
multiple evaluators.
101
performance appraisal
The process
of evaluating an employee’s work
within the organization.
102
contingency model of leadership
```
The theory that leadership
effectiveness is determined both
by the personal characteristics of
leaders and by the control afforded
by the situation.
```
103
normative model of leadership
```
The
theory that leadership effectiveness
is determined by the amount of
feedback and participation that
leaders invite from workers.
```
104
transactional leader
A leader who
gains compliance and support from
followers primarily through goal
setting and the use of rewards
105
endowment effect
The tendency for
people to inflate the value of objects,
goods, or services they already own
106
escalation effect
The tendency
for people to persist in failing
investments to avert loss, which
causes losses to mount.
107
sunk cost principle
```
The economic
rule of thumb that only future costs
and benefits, not past commitments,
should be considered in making a
decision.
```
108
appraisal
```
The process by which
people make judgments about the
demands of potentially stressful
events and their ability to meet those
demands.
```
109
Coping
Efforts to reduce stress
110
learned helplessness
```
A
phenomenon in which experience
with an uncontrollable event creates
passive behavior in the face of
subsequent threats to well-being.
```
111
depressive explanatory style
A
habitual tendency to attribute
negative events to causes that are
stable, global, and internal.
112
self-efficacy
A person’s belief that
he or she is capable of the specific
behavior required to produce a
desired outcome in a given situation.
113
problem-focused coping
Cognitive and behavioral efforts to
| alter a stressful situation.
114
emotion-focused coping
Cognitive
and behavioral efforts to reduce
the distress produced by a stressful
situation.
115
proactive coping
Up-front efforts
to ward off or modify the onset of a
stressful event.
116
social support
The helpful coping
resources provided by friends and
other people.
117
subjective well-being
One’s
happiness, or life satisfaction, as
measured by self-report.
