Midterm One Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Social psychology
A
Study how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by their situation
2
Q
Research process involves coming up with ______, ______ them, ______ them, and interpreting their meaning of the results obtained
A
Coming up with ideas, refining them, testing them
3
Q
Hypothesis
A
Testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur
4
Q
Theory
A
An organized set of principles used to explain observer phenomena
5
Q
Examples of conceptual variables
A
Attraction, love, prejudice
6
Q
2 catagories of measuring variables
A
Self reports
Observations
7
Q
Correlational method
A
Assessed the strength of relationship between variables
8
Q
Correlational method has a range between ___ and ____. The larger to ___ the stronger it’s correlated
A
-1.0 to 1.0
1
9
Q
________ DOES NOT MEAN ________
A
Correlational does not equal causation
10
Q
Positive correlation explanation. As ___ increases, __ increases
A
X increases, Y increases
11
Q
Negative correlation explanation. As ___ increases, ____ decreases.
A
X increases, Y decreases
12
Q
Confound / 3rd variable
A
COME BACK AND DEFINE ME
13
Q
Independent variable
A
The one you manipulate
The amount of the sunlight the plan gets, genre of tv kids are watching
14
Q
Dependant variable
A
The one you measure
How tall the plant grows, how the kids act after the tv show
15
Q
Participant variables
A
Variables that characterize pre-existing differences among participants
(Participant is too wealthy, or has that education)
16
Q
True experiments examine ____ and ____ relationships
A
Cause and effect
17
Q
2 essential characteristics for true experiments:
A
1) control over the experiments procedures
2) participants are randomly assigned to different treatment conditions
18
Q
Random assignment (aka: _______)
A
The great stabilizer
Assigning participants to conditions in such a way that every participant has equal chances of being assigned
(Flip a coin, roll a dice)
19
Q
Random sampling
A
Choosing participants in such a way that every member of the population had an equal chance of being selected
20
Q
Internal validity
A
Extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect
21
Q
___________ is crucial for internal validly
A
Random assignment
22
Q
External validity
A
Can findings be generalized to other situations, people or times
23
Q
____________ is crucial for external validity
A
Random sampling
24
Q
Intrinsic motivation
A
Originated in factors within a person (hunger, thirst, sex drive)
25
Extrinsic motivation
Originated in factors outside the person (social acceptance, money)
26
Intrinsic = do not _______
Reward!
Don’t bribe a person for what they love doing
27
Social facilitation
Presence of other humans cause arousal, that arousel increases our strengthened dominant response
Easy tasks will be enhanced
Difficult tasks get impaired
If I can run well, having 1,000,000 people watch me run will make me faster
28
Milgrams research looked at ______
Obedience
29
Laboratory experiments are conducted in a setting that is ______ and can be carefully _________
Controlled
Carefully studied
30
Field experiments are conducted in _____________. Where people act _____ but this has less _______
In the real world
Naturally
Control
31
Mundane realism
The extent to which the research setting resembles the real world setting of interest
32
Experiments realism
Experiment setting and procedures are real and involving to the participant
33
Only some animals can ________
Self recognize
34
Choking
Paradoxical type of failure by trying too hard and thinking too much
Overthinking asking out a girl and stumbling over your words
35
Ironic processes
The harder you try to Prevent a thought, feeling, or behavior the less likely you are to succeed
DO NOT THINK OF AN ELEPHANT, I mean it, DO NOT THINK OR AN ELEPHANT NOW
36
______ is an important part of our attention
Self
37
Cocktail party effect
Ability for people to pick out personally relevant information from a complex environment
Heading your name at a noisy wedding when your mom is talking about you to grandma
38
Spotlight effect
We think people are paying more attention to us then they actually are
39
Social comparisons allow us to choose our ___________________. This allows us to _______ ourselves or ________________ about ourselves
Standards of reference
Improve
Feel good
40
Upward social comparison
Compare ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular ability
(Be better, feel worse)
I suck at basketball compared to Lebrun
41
Socio media = _______
Depressing
42
Social media does a lot of stupid things, such as
Only showing the highlight role
Likes = social currency
FOMO
Online harassment
43
People often take credit for _______ and distance themselves from ________
Success
Failure
44
Most people are __________________. How
Unrealistically optimistic
They think they’ll make more money or find a better lover
45
False uniqueness
Think you have a unique quality
| I’m so funny, as if you’re distinctly funny
46
BIRG =
| And what is it?
Basking in reflected glory
Associate with other success
“Our sports team won, I’m better than you”
47
CORF =
| And what is it
Cut off reflected failure
Distance ourselves from others who fail
“I heard your team lost”, “naw, I don’t know what they were doing”
48
Why do we make excuses!
Way of protecting ourselves from seeing failure as a lack of our ability
49
Self handicapping
Active behaviors designed to sabotage ones own performance in order to provide a subsequet excuse for failure
“My dog ate my homework”
“The referee blew the whistle”
People making up excuses to protect self esteem
50
Autobiographical memories
Tendency to distort past In ways that inflate personal sense of importance and achievements
51
Self esteem
Affective component of the self, consisting of a persons positive and negative self evaluations (overall self worth)
52
Gender differences in self esteem.
Men often have ______ self esteem with physical appearance and _______.
Women often have _____ self esteem in ethics and ____________
Higher
Athletics
Higher
Personal mortality
53
Explicit self esteem
Conscious self evaluation of self esteem
54
Implicit self esteem
Person predisposition to evaluate themselves in a spontaneous, automatic, or unconscious manner
55
_____ explicit and _______ implicit = secure
High
| High
56
_____ explicit and ______ implicit = defense
High
| Low
57
Those with _______ self esteem score higher on the narcissism scale
Defensive
58
Culture
The beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by people living in a particular time and place
59
Individualistic cultural perspective
Culture values the virtues of independence, autonomy, and self resilience
60
Collectivistic cultural perspectives
Culture values the virtues of interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony
61
Acculturation
Taking on the adopted culture
Adopting their ways
Go to Canada, take on Canadian culture
62
Self presentation
Process through which we try to control the impressions people form of us
63
3 reasons why we self present
1) to acquire desiresble resources
2) to maintain / construct their self image
3) to enable our social encounters to run more smoothly (interviews, dates)
64
When do we self present?
When other are paying attention
When other influence whether we reach our goals or not
When observers have impressions of us that are different from the ones we want
65
2 reasons why people take selfies
1) self absorption
| 2) social connection
66
Self monitoring
The tendency to be chronically concerned with ones public image and to adjust ones actions to fit the needs of the current situation
67
High self monitors are ________ across situations, are good at assessing what other ______, tailoring to their ______ to fit those demand
Inconsistent
Want
Ted Bundy
68
Low self monitors are ________. They look inside themselves to decide ______________. (They don’t care how they look) and they don’t change across __________
Better for loved ones
How to act
Situations
Angie and Mel
69
3 goals for self presentation
1) to be seen as likeable
2) to be seen as competent
3) to be seen as powerful
70
Ingratiation
An attempt to get others to like us
71
We express our liking for others using both :
Verbal flattery
| Non verbal behaviours like smiling
72
Chameleon effect
Mimicking others to maintain likelihood
Scratching ears while someone talks to you
73
Attractive people receive many benefits in our culture, such as?
Seen more honest, make more money, have more friends
74
Compared to men, women are more likely to _____,_____,______,_________
Smile
Compliment others
Agree with others
Present themselves modestly
75
Social perception
General term for the processes by which people come to understand one another
76
3 elements of social perception
1) people
2) situations
3) behavioural evidence
77
______________ are often subtly influenced by different aspects of a persons appearance
First impressions
78
We respond to baby faces adults differently for many reasons. First, we are __________________ to respond gently to infantile features. Second, we learn to associate infantile features with ____________ and than __________
Genetically programmed
Helplessness and than over generalize
79
Adults with mature features are seen as ________, more ________
Adults with baby faces are seen as _______, _______
Stronger, more confident
Warm, kind
80
We often have _____ about certain types of situations
These scripts help us understand other people’s ______ and _______ behavior
Scripts
Verbal, nonverbal
81
_____________ are used to identify a persons inner state. We rely on several _________ channels roll gather this information. Such as _____,_____,____ and _______
Behavioural cues
Non verbal
Facial expressions, gestures, body language, eye gaze
82
Facial expressions
One of the first things we notice on a person
83
6 basic facial expressions
Happy, sad, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise
84
```
Destingusihing truth from deception (aka _______).
Words :
Face :
Body:
Voice:
```
Lie detection
Word: cannot be trusted
Face: controllable
Body: somewhat more revealing than face
Voice: MOST REVEALING CLUE
85
What’s the most revealing clue when lying
Your voice!! The pitch changes
86
Attribution theory
Describes the process by which we make attributions
87
2 categories of attributions
1) personal attribution (clumsy)
| 2) situational attribution (who put that there)
88
Fundemental attribution error.
| When explaining other people’s behaviors, we tend to:
Overestimate the role of personal factors, and overlook the impact of situations
89
Actor-observer effect
Our tendency to make personal attributions for the behavior of others and situational attributions for ourselves
90
Belief in a just world
The belief that individuals get what they deserve in life
91
Confirmation bias
Only seek information that further your argument
Seek, interpret, and create info that verifies beliefs
92
Self fulfilling prophecy
Process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm expectations
(Thinking someone is an asshole so you start being as asshole to them, making them become an asshole)
93
Cognitive heuristics
Information processing rules of thumb that enable us to think in ways that are quick and easy, and often lead to error
94
Availability heuristic
The tendency to overestimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind
What has more: words with r’s as first letter, or as third letter?
95
Mind perception
People attribute human like mental states to various animate and inanimate objects (dogs have low esteem)
96
Rene descartes believed only humans have
A non physical mind
97
Non physical mind is the same as:
Consciousness and self awareness
98
Two types of beauty
Idealized vs reality
| Photoshop vs not edited
99
When the opposite sex looks at a beautiful person they feel:
Good! Guys looking at hot girls makes you feel good
100
Individualistic view of beautiful people
Seen as stronger, smarter, happier, more socially gifted
101
Collectivistic view of beauty
Cultures see beautiful people as generous carrying and trustworthy
102
What-is-beautiful-is-good (stereotype)
Belief that beautiful people posses desirable characteristics
103
Good looking people have more
Friends, more sex, more money, better social skills
104
Beauty is not related to
Intelligence, personality, self esteem, and happiness
105
Some argue that certain face are inheriently ____________ than others. Babies prefer ____________.
Ideal body types vary across ______ and __________
More attractive
Attractive faces
Culture and race groups
106
Obsession with youth characteristics
Over sized eyes, oversized mouth, small nose
107
Costs of elusive beauty
1) Eating disorders
| 2) Women accounting for 90% of all cosmetic surgery
108
Humans are social animals, in the sense that a _______ is a basic human motive, __________________ to belong
Need to belong
Intrinsically motivated
109
Attraction varies in levels. One is a desire to _____ and the other is that we are attracted to people whose ______________
Desire to approach
| Presence is rewarding
110
2 basic factors for attraction
1) proximity
| 2) exposure
111
Proximity
Being physically close to the person
112
Exposure
of times you see the individual
113
#1 predictor for length of relationship is:
Match for beauty
114
Mere exposure effect
Contrary to folk wisdom, familiarity doesn’t breed contempt
| The more exposed we are, the more we like
115
Matching hypothesis
People tend to become involved romantically with others who are equivalent in physical attraction
116
Term for #1 predictor of relationship
Matching hypothesis
117
Couples exchange assets when dating. Men often share their _____ and _______ while girls share their _______ and _________
Wealth and fame
Youth and beauty
118
2 types of love
Passionate
| Companionate
119
Passionate love
High arousel, intense attraction, fear of rejection
Either having sex or fighting
Burns fast and hot
120
Companionate love
Secure, trusting, stable partnership
Like marriage
121
Kinship selection states that you are more likely to save ________________ from a burning building opposed to a __________
Someone who you are closely genetically linked to
Stranger
122
Women are universally perceived as ______ and more ___________
Kinder
Helpful
123
Altruistic
Motivated by the desire to to increase another’s welfare, no consideration of oneself
124
Is altruism possible?
For someone to do something for someone else and not expect something out of it is very rare
Donate to homesless? Cause you feel bad and you’ll feel good
125
Egoistic
Motivated by the desire to increase ones own welfare, selfish concerns, social norms, reduced guilt, make people poor you
You do nice things to make yourself look good
126
Bystander effect
Presence of other inhibit helping
Chinese girl getting run over, guy getting stabbed
127
2 reasons for “Good Samaritan” laws in Canada
1) to protect us
| 2) to punish us
128
Pluralistic ignorance
People mistankly believe that their own thoughts and feelings are different from those of others, even when everyone’s behavior is the same
Room fills with smoke and no one evacuates, you stay and die as you don’t want to stray from pack
129
People usually help those they are ___________. Although when you’re trying to help someone improve on a skill, if it affects your ego you won’t help them.
Closely related to
I wouldn’t help Rylan study because he might get a better mark than me on the midterm
130
Those who are under ___________ may not help those in need
Time pressures
131
A greater population density and higher cost of living =
Less likely to help someone
132
_____________ lead to more helping, as this person wants to _____________
Good moods
Maintain their good mood
133
Celebrities who act as role models and help others are good for multiple reasons. What are they?
They increase awareness of helping to make it a societal norm
They provide examples for others to imitate
Teaches us that helping to valued
134
Over justification effect
The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other external factors
135
Social comparison theory
The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others
136
Self regulation
Process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in order to achieve a personal goal
137
downward social comparison
defensive tendency to compare ourselves with other who are worse off than we are
