Midterm 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Contact hypothesis
A
Under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups willl reduce prejudice
(Interactions with other lead to decline in predujice)
2
Q
4 points to contact hypothesis are:
A
Equal status
Personal interactions
Cooperative activities
Social norms
3
Q
Modern racism
A
Subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially accepted, and easy to rationalize
“Peolle want to be seen as fair, but they still harbour racial feelings”
4
Q
Implicit racism
A
Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally
The blacker the victim was the more likely her was to trailed guilty
5
Q
IAT stands for
A
Implicit associations test
6
Q
Murdering a white female is ____x more sentenced to death than murdering a black male
A
14.5
7
Q
Residential schools
A
Govt sponsored religious schools established to assimilate indigenous children
8
Q
What was wrong with indigenous schools
A
The kids died of many diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza)
Closed in 1996
9
Q
Japanese Canadian interment.
Canadians _____ all Japanese Canadians, sending them away to interment camps. They ___________ in order to pay for the program
A
Jailed
Sold all their belongings
10
Q
Hate crimes crimes in Canada are considered a _________ against a person or property motivated in a whole or in part by an offenders _____ against race, ____, ethnicity, or _______
A
Criminal offense
Bias
Religion, gender identity
11
Q
In ____ states, ______ is illegal regardless of the gender
A
14
Sodomy
12
Q
Uganda anti-homosexuality
You get _________ for any affiliation with a _________
A
Life in prison
Homosexual
(Includes employing them, knowing them, and not turning in a gay dude)
13
Q
Eugenetics
A
Set of beliefs and practices that aim at improving the genetic quality of the Hunan population
14
Q
Eugenetics assigned people who are allowed to ________ due to undesirable characateriscs
Those who have undesired characteristics are _______
A
Repopulate
Sterilized
15
Q
Genocide
A
The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.
16
Q
Genocide intentionally targets _______, those who are closely tired to ______ and ________
A
Civilians
Prejudice, racism
17
Q
War is different from genocide as wars dont _______________
A
Intentionally target civilians
18
Q
Sterorypes
A
Beliefs that associate a group of people with certain traits
19
Q
Stereotypes can be ____ or ______
A
Positive or negative
20
Q
Stereotypes are ________
A
Cognitive
21
Q
Prejudice
A
Negative feelings towards others based on their group membership
22
Q
Prejudice is _____+_______
A
Cognitive + affective
23
Q
Discrimination
A
Negative behaviors towards others because Of their group membership
ACTIONS
BEHAVIOES BASES ON PREJUDICE
24
Q
Discrimination is ________
A
Actions!
Actions based on prejudice
25
_______________ can perputrate ____________
Attributional biases
Stereotypes
26
Sub typing
Don’t fit the stereotype so you subtype them
27
__________ are maintained and strengthened through _____________
Stereotypes
Self fulfilling prophecies
28
Stereotype threat
When negative stereotypes targeting your group provides a framework for interpreting your behavior, the risk of being personally reduced to those negative stereotypes can evoke a disruptive state
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about ones group
(An Asian and white kid both write an exam, if the Asian is not very strong in math she will feel additional stress and anxiety, worsening her performance due to the stereotype)
29
___________ are even salient to young children
Gender stereotype
30
Gender verification tests took place in the _______. They tested testosterone levels to see if a person truly is a _____.
Olympics
| Man
31
Terrorist
Person who uses unlawful violence and intimidation, especially against civilians for political reasons
32
Attitude
Positive or negative or mixed evaluation of a person, object, or idea expressed at some level of intensity
33
There are two ways to measure attitudes
1) questionnaires
| 2) IAT (implicit association test)
34
4 possible attitudes
Positive attitude
Negative attitude
Indifference
Dual attitudes
35
Positive attitude
High positive reaction
Low negative reaction
36
Dual attitudes
High positive reaction
High negative reaction
37
Indifference
Low negative reaction
Low negative reaction
38
Negative attitude
High negative reaction
Low positive reaction
39
Psychological factors influencing attitude strength
Does it directly affect your self interests ?
Is it related to deeply held religious or political beliefs
Does it affect your close friends and family
40
Persuasion by communication
Tv is nothing without ____
Ads
41
How do they decide how mich an ad is
The demographic watching and how many viewers
42
Product placement is tv
When a company pays large amounts of money to have their product in view
43
#1 most valuable resource in the world
Personal data
44
Using a free product means :
You are the product! Selling your data
45
Two routes to persuasion
1) central route
| 2) peripheral route
46
Central route
Person thinks carefully about a message
Involves lots of thinking, being wide awake
47
Central route persuasion is influenced by:
The strength and quality of the message
48
Peripheral route
Person does not think critically about contents of message
49
Peripheral route persuasion is influenced by
Pretty clothes
| Superficial cues
50
Deciding on what persuasion route to take.
The route taken depends on the ______ and the _______ to take the central route
Ability
| Motivation
51
In the absence of ability and motivation, a person will take the
Peripheral route
52
3 components to persuasive messages
1) the source (who)
2) the audience (to whom)
3) the message (says what and in what context)
53
To be ______, the an effective source must have _____ and _______
Credible
Competence / expertise: the speakers ability (smart or well spoken people who had impressive credentials)
Trustworthiness: must be willing to promote what’s true regardless of what the info is
54
Two factors to influence a sources likeability
Similarity between the source and the audience (must relate to it)
Physical attraction of the source
55
Need for cognition
A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities
56
Self monitoring
Regulating ones own behavior across situations due to concern for public-self presentation
57
Inoculation hypothesis
Idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that arguenent
(Dad telling son “smoking is so much fun”
58
Psychological Reactance
Theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive
(Salesman coming to your door, if you see them you will shut them down, if you don’t see them, you may not have time to consider he’s bad)
59
To be ______, a message should appeal to the audiences ______ views
Persuasive
Cultural
60
Individualistic cultures persuade messages focus on:
Personal beliefs
Individuality
Competition
61
Collectivistic culture persuasion messages should focus on:
Integrity
Achievement
Wellbeing of ones self
62
Position parasite as
Message that displays the opposite message
Ad for cigarettes that makes fun of “my lungs hurt”
63
Subliminal messages
Very subtle messages in ads
Join the navy, sex in hair
64
Sleeper effect
Delayed increase in the persuasion impact of a non-credible source
(If you forgot who the source was you would believe the fact)
65
________ matter when it comes to the sleeper effect
Timing
As time passes we forgot the source
66
Cognitive dissonance
Inconsistent cognitions + behaviors arouse psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce
67
3 options for dissonance reduction
1) change attitude
2) change behavior
3) justify / minimize conflict
68
Cognitive dissonance smoking example
The desire to live long - smoking works against that
Change attitude: Deny evidence and facts
Change behavior: stop smoking
Justify: my grandpa smoked 2 packs a day and lives to 89
69
Cognitive dissonance theory (where it came from)
Classic fest I get and Carsmith 1959
Students perform a super boring task for a long time. When done, they were told to tell the next participant that the test was super exciting and cool. They were either paid $1 or $20 to tell the participant it was super cool.
If given the $1, you believed the experiment was super fun
If given $20 you lied and still hated the task
70
Why was the $1 more benfcisl than the $20
People didn’t want to be seen lying for $1
71
Affective misforecasting
Bad forecast how we are going to feel
“What would your life be like if you won $1,000,000”
We would grossly forecast how our lives would change
72
Attributes of the affective Mis forecasting
Neglect, focus problem, hedonistic treadmill
73
Immune neglect
We are very good at adapting psychologically to negative events, but we neglect to factor this into our predications
74
Focus problems
When you imagine the impact of an event in the future, you tend to focus on just that event
You lose your job:
You think you’re life is over but you still have hoise, family, love , etc
75
Hedonistic treadmill
Quickly adapt to good events in our lives
We always want more, and even with change we get used to it
76
Social influence
Change in overt behavior caused by real or imagined pressures from others
77
Three forms of social influence
Conformity
Compliance
Obedience
78
The three forms of social influence are catagoried as
Yielding to influence
79
Conformity
Tendency to change perceptions, opinions, or behaviors in ways that are consistent with group norms (fashion trends)
80
Normative influences
Influence
that produces conformity when a
person fears the negative social
consequences of appearing deviant.
People confirm because they believe others are correct
81
Compliance
Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests (no superiority in this)
“Can you pass me that book please”
82
Two sales tactics they use
Talking fast and catching you off guard
Disarming people by the phrasing of questions
83
Obedience
Behaviors change produced by commands of authority
84
Groupthink
Excessive tendency to seek agreement among group members
Needs for agreement takes priority over a good decisions
85
How to prevent groupthink
Avoid isolation
Consult with outsiders
Keep an open mind
Assign devils advocate
86
Mere pressure of others and social facilitation
The presence of others causes psychological arousel, this arouse either makes you perform better or worse
87
Evaluation apprehension theory
Someone must be in the position to evaluate performance to impact your performance
88
Social loafinf
Group produced reduction in individual output
89
Deindividualation
Loss of a persons sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
Wearing masks in war
90
Aspects of deindividualization
Responsibility
Anonymity
Arousal
91
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another
92
Ambivalent sexism
Form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings
A) once a women gets a man, she usually ties a tight leash
B) women should be cherished and protected by men
93
Social categorization
The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes
94
Ingroups
Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
95
Outgroups
Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity
96
Our group homogeneity effect
The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of out groups than among members of ingroups
97
Stereotype content model
A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth
Elderly people: low competence, high warmth
Wave of immigrants: low competence, low warmth
98
Realistic competition theory
Hostility between groups is caused by direct competence for limited resources
99
Illusory correlation
An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated
Mental patient who committed murder. You will remember those two points together better than seperatly
100
Evaluative conditioning
The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing
101
Insufficient justification
A condition in which people freely perform an attitude discrepant behavior without receiving a large reward
Cognitive dissonance when you get $1
102
Informational influence
Influence that produces conformity when a
person believes others are correct in
their judgments.
103
Private Conformity
The change
of beliefs that occurs when a person
privately accepts the position taken
by others.
104
Public confromity
```
A superficial
change in overt behavior without a
corresponding change of opinion
that is produced by real or imagined
group pressure.
```
105
individualism
A cultural orientation
in which independence, autonomy,
and self-reliance take priority over
group allegiances.
106
collectivism
A cultural orientation
in which interdependence,
cooperation, and social harmony
take priority over personal goals
107
foot in the door technique
```
A twostep
compliance technique in which an
influencer sets the stage for the real
request by first getting a person to
comply with a much smaller request.
```
108
lowballing
```
A two-step compliance
technique in which the influencer
secures agreement with a request but
then increases the size of that request
by revealing hidden costs.
```
car salesman saying the car costs more than agreed
109
door-in-the-face technique
A two-step compliance technique in
which an influencer prefaces the real
request with one that is so large that
it is rejected.
Can i have $100
"What! NOOO"
Fine, can i gt $5
"Okay, sure"
110
that’s-not-all technique
```
A two-step
compliance technique in which the
influencer begins with an inflated
request, then decreases its apparent
size by offering a discount or bonus.
```
"But wait, if you purchase this in the next 15 minutes, well throw in an additional dildo"
111
Group
A set of individuals who
interact over time and have shared
fate, goals, or identity.
112
Group Cohesiveness
```
The extent to
which forces push group members
closer together, such as through
feelings of intimacy, unity, and
commitment to group goals.
```
113
distraction–conflict theory
A theory that the presence of others will
produce social facilitation effects only
when those others distract from the
task and create attentional conflict.
114
Collective effort model
```
The theory
that individuals will exert effort on
a collective task to the degree that
they think their individual efforts
will be important, relevant, and
meaningful for achieving outcomes
that they value.
```
115
```
social identity model of
deindividuation effects (SIDE)
```
A model of group behavior that
explains deindividuation effects as
the result of a shift from personal
identity to social identity.
Associated with deindividualization + military abusing
116
escalation effect
The condition
in which commitments to a failing
course of action are increased to
justify investments already made.
117
biased sampling
```
The tendency for
groups to spend more time discussing
shared information (information
already known by all or most group
members) than unshared information
(information known by only one or a
few group members).
```
118
transactive memory
```
A shared
system for remembering information
that enables multiple people to
remember information together
more efficiently than they could do
so alone.
```
